Cells + Tissues Flashcards
What is Cell Theory?
1.) Cells are the building blocks of all life
2.) Cells are the smallest functioning units of life
3.) Cells are produced by pre-existing cells
What are the three main regions of a cell?
Nucleus, Plasma Membrane, Cytoplasm
What is the Nucleus?
The control center of the cell
What does the nucleus consist of?
Genetic material (DNA/Chromosomes), Nucleolus, Nuclear Envelope with pores
What is the Plasma Membrane (Cell Membrane)?
A double phosphorus bilayer that is a barrier for cell contents
What does the Plasma Membrane consist of?
Proteins, cholesterol, and glycoproteins
What is Cytoplasm?
Intercellular fluid between the nucleus and plasma membrane
What does the cytoplasm contain?
Cytosol and Organelles
What is Cytosol?
Jelly-like fluid that suspends other elements (organelles, ions, proteins, waste, nutrients)
What are Organelles?
Structures that perform specific functions with the amounts being determined by the cell type
What are Ribosomes?
Organelle that are made of protein and RNA, are the site of protein synthesis, are found at the rough ER and cytoplasm
What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)?
Fluid-filled tubes that carry substances, two types (rough and smooth)
What is the Rough ER?
ER that is studded with ribosomes and synthesizes proteins
What is the Smooth ER?
ER that functions in lipid metabolism and the detoxification of drugs and pesticides
What is the Mitochondria?
Changes shape continuously, carries out reactions where oxygen is used to break down food, provides ATP for cellular energy
What is the Golgi Apparatus?
Modifies and packages proteins, produces secretory vesicles, cell membrane components, and lysosomes
What are Lysosomes?
Contain enzymes produced by ribosomes, packaged by the Golgi Apparatus, digest worn-out or non-usable materials within the cell
What are Peroxisomes?
Membranous sacs of oxidase enzymes, detoxify harmful substances such as alcohol and formaldehyde, break down free radicals, and replicate by pinching in half
What is the Cytoskeleton?
A network of protein structures throughout the cytoplasm, provides the internal framework; three different types of elements: Microfilaments (largest) Intermediate Filaments and Microtubules (smallest)
What are Centrioles?
Rod-shaped bodies made of microtubules, direct formation of mitotic spindle during cell division
What are Cellular Projections?
Three types of projections: Cilla, Flagella, and Microvilli, Not found in all cells
What are Cilla Cellular Projections?
Move materials across the cell surface, located in the respiratory system to move mucus
What are Flagella Cellular Projections?
Propel the cell, the only flagellated cell in the human body is sperm
What are Microvilli Cellular Projections?
Tiny fingerlike extensions of the plasma membrane, increased surface area for absorption, located in the digestive tract
What are the phases of Cell division?
Interphase: growth, Cell Division: mitosis/meiosis, Cytoplasmic Division: cytokinesis, Differentiation: specialized cells
What is Mitosis?
Cell division that is used for repair or growth, produces 2 genetically identical daughter cells, makes body cells (somatic cells)
What is Meiosis?
Cell division that is used in reproduction, produces 4 genetically different daughter cells, makes sex cells (gametes)
Stages of Meiosis
Prophase 1, Metaphase 1, Anaphase 1, Telophase + Cytokinesis, Prohase 2, Metaphase 2, Anaphase 2, Telophase + Cytokinesis 2
Stages of Mitosis
Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis
How do cells become specialized?
When different sets of genes are turned off
What cells connect body parts?
Fibroblast and Erythrocyte
What are tissues?
Group of cells that function the same, composed of extracellular matrix
What are the functions of Epithelium Tissue?
Protect the body surface, secretion of substances, absorption of substance, filtration of substances
What are the characteristics of Epithelium Tissue?
Lots of cells, Always has one free surface, no blood vessels
What are the Epithelium Cell Layers?
Simple=one layer, Stratified=more than one layer
What are the functions of Connective Tissue?
Binds body tissues together, Supports the body, Provides protection, Insulates to maintain bod temperature, Transports of other molecules
What are the characteristics of Connective Tissue?
Founs everywhere in the body, most abundant and widely distributed, blood supply varies, Composed largely of EC Matrix
What is the function of Muscle Tissue?
To produce movement
What are the characteristics of Muscle Tissue?
Tightly packed cells, highly vascular, more ATP, Elongated shape, contains actin & myosin
What’s the function of Nervous Tissue?
Communication, regulate body functions, carry electrical signals
What are the characteristics of Nervous Tissue?
Non-regenerative, unique structures, long processes
