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Anatomy + Physiology > Nervous System Part 1 > Flashcards

Nervous System Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the Nervous system?

A

Sensory input, integration, motor output

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2
Q

What is the central nervous system composed of?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

What is the function of the central nervous system?

A

Integration, interpreting incoming sensory information, and issuing outgoing information

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4
Q

What is the Peripheral nervous system composed of?

A

Nerves

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5
Q

What is the function of the spinal nerves?

A

To carry impulses to and from the spinal cord

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6
Q

What is the function of the cranial nerves?

A

To carry impulses to and from the brain

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7
Q

What is the function of the peripheral nervous system?

A

To serve as communication lines among sensory organs, brain, spinal cord, and glands or muscles

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8
Q

How is the PNS organized?

A

Sensory (afferent) Division and Motor (efferent) Division

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9
Q

What is the function of the sensory division?

A

carry info to the CNS

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10
Q

What is the function of the motor division?

A

Carry info away from the CNS

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11
Q

What are the subdivisions of the Motor Division?

A

Somatic and Autonomic

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12
Q

What is the function of the Somatic Nervous System?

A

Consciously controls muscles

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13
Q

What is the function of the Autonomic Nervous System?

A

Automatically controls smooth and cardiac muscles and glands

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14
Q

What is the Autonomic Nervous System divided into?

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

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15
Q

What are the functions of Support Cells?

A

Support, insulate and protect neurons

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16
Q

What do astrocytes do?

A

Star-shaped cells that brace neurons, form a barrier between neurons and capillaries, and control the chemical environment of the brain

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17
Q

What do microglia do?

A

Spiderlike phagocytes that dispose of debris

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18
Q

What do ependymal cells do?

A

Line the cavities of the brain and spinal cord; cilia assist with the circulation of cerebral spinal fluid

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19
Q

What do oligodendrocytes do?

A

Wrap around nerve fibers in the CNS, produce myelin sheaths

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20
Q

What do satellite cells do?

A

Protect neuron cell bodies

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21
Q

What do Schwann cells do?

A

Form myelin sheath in the PNS

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22
Q

What is the function of Neurons?

A

Transmit messages

23
Q

What is the Nissl Bodies

A

Specialized endoplasmic reticulum

24
Q

What are the neurofibrils?

A

Intermediate cytoskeleton, maintains shape

25
Q

What are the dendrites?

A

Long extensions conduct impulses toward the cell body

26
Q

What are the Axons?

A

conduct impulses away from the cell body and have only one axon arising from the cell body at the axon hillock

27
Q

What is the Axon Terminal?

A

The end of Axons that contain vesicles with neurotransmitters

28
Q

What is the Synaptic Cleft

A

Gap between adjacent neurons

29
Q

What are Synapses?

A

The junction between nerves

30
Q

What are Synapses?

A

The junction between nerves

31
Q

What is the Myelin Sheath?

A

Whitish, fatty material covering axons, composed of Schwann cells, nodes of ranvier, and oligodendrocytes

32
Q

What are Schwann cells?

A

produce myelin sheaths in jelly roll-like fashion around axons (PNS)

33
Q

What are the nodes of ranvier?

A

Gaps in the myelin sheath along the axon

34
Q

What are Oligodendrocytes?

A

Cells that produce myelin sheaths around axons of the CNS

35
Q

Where are most neurons located

A

The CNS

36
Q

What is gray matter?

A

cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers

37
Q

What are nuclei?

A

clusters of cell bodies within the white matter of the central nervous system

38
Q

What are glanglia?

A

collections of cell bodies outside the central nervous system

39
Q

What are Sensory (afferent) neurons?

A

Carry impulses from the sensory receptors to the CNS

40
Q

What are Motor (efferent) neurons?

A

Carry impulses from the central nervous system to viscera, muscles, or glands

41
Q

What are Interneurons (association neurons)?

A

Found in neural pathways in the central nervous system and connect sensory and motor neurons

42
Q

What are multipolar neurons

A

many extensions from the cell body, All motor and interneurons are multipolar, Most common structure

43
Q

What are bipolar neurons?

A

One axon and one dendrite

44
Q

What are unipolar neurons?

A

Have a short single process leaving the cell body

45
Q

What are the properties of neurons?

A

Ability to respond to stimuli and transmit an impulse

46
Q

When is the plasma membrane polarized?

A

At rest

47
Q

What is the extracellular ion at rest?

A

Sodium

48
Q

What is the intercellular ion at rest?

A

Potassium

49
Q

What is depolarization?

A

The stimulus depolarized the membrane, and sodium channels opened, causing sodium to enter the membrane

50
Q

What is action potential?

A

the movement of ions initiates an action potential due to a stimulus

51
Q

How does action potential transmit?

A

If enough sodium enters the cell, the action potential starts and is sent through the entire axon

52
Q

How do nerves repolarize?

A

Potassium ions rush out of cells after sodium ions rush in

53
Q

How are signals transmitted at the synapses?

A

1.) When the action potential reaches the axon terminal, the electrical charge opens calcium channels 2) Calcium causes the tiny vesicles containing the neurotransmitter chemical to fuse with the axonal membrane 3.) Entry of calcium into the axon terminal causes pore-like openings to form, releasing the transmitter 4.) Neurotransmitted molecules diffuse across the synapse and bind to receptors on the membrane of the next neuron. 5.) If enough neurotransmitter is released, the graded potential will be generated-> an action potential will occur in the neuron beyond the synapse. 6.) The electrical changes prompted by neurotransmitter bindings are quick-> neurotransmitter is quickly removed from the synapse

Anatomy + Physiology (9 decks)

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