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VETS1021: Locomotion (Dog) > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Appendicular skeleton includes

A

-limbs
-girdles

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2
Q

Axial skeleton includes (3)

A

-vertebrae
-ribs
-sternum

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3
Q

There are over __ bones in most mammals

A

200

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4
Q

Components of the musculoskeletal system (5)

A

-bones
-joints
-muscles (skeletal)
-nerves
-blood vessels

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5
Q

Majority of bones are in the

A

Feet

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6
Q

Bones of the limbs and girdles are part of the

A

Appendicular skeleton system

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7
Q

Vertebrae, ribs and sternum are part of the

A

Axial skeletal system

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8
Q

Cranial means

A

Skull (head)

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9
Q

Vertebral column is comprised of

A

-cervical (C)
-thoracic (T)
-lumbar (L)
-sacral (S)
-caudal (Ca)

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10
Q

There are always __ in the cervix

A

7

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11
Q

Spinal cord passes through

A

Vertebral foramen

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12
Q

Typical vertebra consists of (4)

A

-body/centum
-neural arch (laminate and pedicel)
-processes (articular, spinous, and transverse)
-articular surfaces

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13
Q

There are always seven ____ vertebra

A

Cervical

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14
Q

First two cervical vertebrae are

A

-atlas
-axis

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15
Q

The atlas and axis are

A

The first two specialized cervical vertebra

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16
Q

The atlas (3)

A

-Holds up the head
-small and irregular
-large wings

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17
Q

What is cranial to the axis

A

Atlas

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18
Q

What is caudal to the atlas

A

Axis

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19
Q

The axis (3)

A

-is caudal to the atlas
-C2
-has large spinous processes

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20
Q

The atlas lacks

A

Spinal processes

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21
Q

Thoracic vertebra (2)

A

-are the attachment sites to the ribs
-have tall spinous processes

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22
Q

Lumbar vertebra (2)

A

-have large, forward transverse processes
-are “locked” together for less movement

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23
Q

Sacrum (2)

A

-fusion of 3 vertebrae that articulate with pelvis
-have no movement

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24
Q

Horses/cattle have ___ sacral vertebrae

A

5 (increased # with increased size)

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25
Q

Fusion of the sacral vertebrae is for

A

Absorption of force during locomotion

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26
Q

Caudal/Coccygeal vertebrae (5)

A

-vary between and within species (tail)
-are long and narrow
-have small processes
-are mobile
-posses hemal arches and processes

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27
Q

Ribs consist of (3)

A

-sternal (true)
-asternal (false)
-floating

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28
Q

Asternal ribs

A

Have an indirect attachment to the sternum

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29
Q

Floating ribs

A

Have no connection to ribs, but connect to vertebral column

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30
Q

Costochondrial junction

A

Links costal cartilage to bone of ribs

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31
Q

Costochondrial junction means

A

Costo = ribs
Chondrial = cartilage

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32
Q

The knee is the

A

Stifle

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33
Q

The heel of your foot is

A

Tarsus/hock

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34
Q

Three phalanges

A

-proximal
-middle
-distal

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35
Q

Digit one lacks

A

Middle phalange

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36
Q

The most medial digit is

A

Digit I

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37
Q

The most lateral digit is

A

Digit V

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38
Q

The horse’s pentadactyl limb (2)

A

-has a fused radius/ulna
-moves on the fingernail of the middle finger

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39
Q

The thoracic/pectoral girdle is

A

The scapula

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40
Q

Scapula includes (4)

A

-clavicle
-supraglenoid tubercle
-spine
-glenoid cavity

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41
Q

The glenoid cavity of the scapula

A

Articulates with the shoulder

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42
Q

The spine of the scapula

A

Increases surface area for muscle attachment

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43
Q

Greater tubercle of humerus is used for

A

Muscle attachment

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44
Q

Trochlea of humerus

A

Most caudal groove

45
Q

Main parts of the humerus (7)

A

-head
-greater tubercle
-deltoid tuberosity
-radial fossa
-olecranon fossa
-lateral epicondyle
-trochlea

46
Q

The trochlear notch of the ulna

A

Articulates with the humerus

47
Q

Carpals

A

two rows (proximal and distal) of four bones

48
Q

Proximal carpals includes (4)

A

-radial
-intermediate
-ulnar
-accessory

49
Q

There are ___ distal carpals

A

4

50
Q

There are ___ metacarpals

A

5 (one for each digit)

51
Q

Digits have

A

Phalanges (proximal, middle, distal)

52
Q

Digit I is also called

A

Thumb / dewclaw

53
Q

The pelvic limb is

A

Solidly joined directly to vertebral column via pelvic girdle

54
Q

The hip joint is the

A

Acetabulum

55
Q

Os coxae (2)

A

-makes up half the pelvic girdle
-includes ilium, ischium, and pubis

56
Q

Acetabulum literally means

A

Acetum = vinegar
-abulum = small cup

57
Q

The head of the femur

A

Articulates with the acetebulum to form the hip joint

58
Q

The trochanter of the femur

A

Is a raised area of bone for muscle attachment (called Tubercule in the forelimb)

59
Q

The knee cap is

A

The patella

60
Q

The patella is (2)

A

-a sesamoid bone (sits on tendon and moves to reduce friction over a joint)
-also called the knee cap

61
Q

The stifle joint

A

Sits caudal to the femur

62
Q

Which is thinner: tibia or fibula

A

Fibula

63
Q

The Tibia is the

A

Weight bearing bone of hindlimb

64
Q

Tarsals are divided into

A

-proximal (talus, calcaneous, central)
-distal (4)

65
Q

The proximal tarsals are

A

-talus
-calcaneous
-centrale

66
Q

How many distal tarsals are there

A

4

67
Q

The metatarsalas and digits are

A

The same as the forelimb (5 for each)

68
Q

Forelimb bones: (6)

A

-scapula
-humerus
-radius and ulna
-carpus
-metacarpus
-phalanges/digits

69
Q

Hindlimb bones are (6)

A

-pelvis (ilium, ischium, and pubis)
-femur
-tibia and fibula
-tarsus
-metatarsus
-phalanges/digits

70
Q

There are only ___ moveable joints in the skull

A

2

71
Q

What are the moveable joints of the skull

A

-temporal-mandibular joint (jaw)
-tympani-hyoid joint (supports larynx)

72
Q

Most joints in the skull are

A

Sutures (ie. immovable, rigid, stable, and short)

73
Q

Young suture joints are ____ while adult suture joints are ____

A

Short and fibrous tissue; short and bony tissue

74
Q

Facial bones (2)

A

-are more rostral
-include oral and nasal cavities

75
Q

The cranial bones

A

Enclose the brain and ear

76
Q

Facial bones include (6)

A

-maxilla
-incisive
-nasal bones
-palatine
-lacrimal
-zygomatic

77
Q

Cranial bones include (6)

A

-occipital
-sphenoid
-pterygoid
-frontals
-parietals
-temporal

78
Q

The maxilla houses (4)

A

Canines, premolars, molars and hard palate

79
Q

Incisive bone is

A

-the most rostral
-houses incisor teeth

80
Q

Nasal bones are

A

Two long, thin bones on the roof of the nasal cavity

81
Q

Palatine bone is

A

The soft palate

82
Q

Lacrimal bone

A

Corner of the eye where tear ducts enter

83
Q

Zygomatic bone

A

-located caudal to maxilla
-cranial aspect of zygomatic arch

84
Q

The orbit is

A

The eyeball

85
Q

The zygomatic arch

A

-helps protect the orbit
-cheek bone

86
Q

The most caudal cranial bone is

A

Occipital

87
Q

What articulates with the atlas

A

Occipital condyles

88
Q

The spinal cord enters the brain through

A

Foramen magnum

89
Q

What two structures are found in the sphenoid bone

A

-optic canal (round hole where optic nerve goes to retina)
-orbital foramen (oval hole where nerves go to eye muscles)

90
Q

The optic canal and orbital foramen are located in

A

The sphenoid

91
Q

Most ventral cranial bone

A

Pterygoid

92
Q

Large part of the roof of the skull

A

Frontal bone

93
Q

The parietal bone is

A

-caudal to frontal bone
-has a sagittal crest running through the midline
-also temporal lines

94
Q

Temporal bone houses

A

The ear

95
Q

Three parts of the temporal bone

A

-squamous
-tympanic
-petrosal

96
Q

The squamous temporal is

A

The outer ear

97
Q

The tympanic temporal is

A

The middle ear (contains malleus, incus, and stapes)

98
Q

The squamous temporal extends to

A

The zygomatic arch

99
Q

The malleus, incus, and stapes are in

A

Tympanic temporal (middle ear)

100
Q

The petrosal temporal is

A

The inner ear

101
Q

The petrosal temporal (inner ear) houses the

A

Cochlea

102
Q

All bottom teeth are housed

A

In the mandible

103
Q

The angular process does___ while the coronoid process does ____

A

Jaw down; jaw up

104
Q

Jaw down motion is controlled by the

A

Angular process

105
Q

Jaw up movement is performed by

A

The coronoid process

106
Q

The mental foramen is located ___ and provides

A

Most rostral of the mandible; Nerves

107
Q

Snakes can extend the ___ of the mandible

A

Symphysis

108
Q

The chin is also called

A

Symphysis

VETS1021: Locomotion (Dog) (9 decks)

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