Back and Neck Flashcards
Epaxial muscles are those
above the vertebrae
The ___ ligament supports the vertebrae
Supraspinous
Hypaxial muscles are those
below the vertebrae
Extensors of the back are
Epaxial muscles
Extensors of the hip are
-Gluteals (superficial, middle, deep)
-Hamstrings (Biceps Femoris, Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus)
Extensors of the stifle are
Quadriceps (Rectus Femoris, Lateral Vastus, Medial Vastus, Intermediate Vastus)
Extensors of the hock
Gastrocnemius
Protractors of the forelimb
Brachiocephalic (Cleidobrachialis, Cleidomastoidideus, Cleidocervicalis)
Extensors of the shoulder
Supraspinatus
Flexors of the back
-Hypaxial muscles
-Abdominal muscles
Retractors of the forelimb
-Latissimus dorsi
-Deep Pectorals
Extensors of the elbow
Triceps brachii (long, lateral, medial, intermediate)
Flexors of the hip
-Iliopsoas
-Rectus Femoris
Large animals developed ___ and ____ as support to the head
Nuchal Ligament; Large Spinous Processes (withers)
Three ligaments of the Vertebral Column
-Ventral Longitudinal Ligament
-Dorsal Longitudinal Ligament
-Supraspinous Ligament
Which ligament is along the tip of the spinous process
Supraspinous Ligament
Which ligament runs from the thorax and sacrum
Ventral Longitudinal Ligament
Which ligament runs from the axis to the sacrum
Dorsal Longitudinal Ligament
Which ligament is modified in the neck to form the Nuchal Ligament
Supraspinous Ligament
The Nuchal Ligament (4)
-runs from the spine of axis to the spinous process of T1in the dog
-runs from occipital bone and cervical vertebrae to the spinous processes of the first few thoracic vertebrae in the horse
-paired fibrous band
-yellow elastic fibres
Bursae minimise
pressure over bony prominences
Poll Evil and Fistulous Withers are
infections of the Atlantal Bursa and Supraspinous Bursa, respectively
The atlas articulates with the occipital condyles at the
Atlanto-Occipital Joint
The atlas articulates with the atlas at the
Atlanto-Axial Joint
Which joint causes nodding (up and down) movement of the head
Atlanto-Occipital Joint
Which joint cause the head to rotate (move side to side)
Atlanto-Axial Joint
Ligaments of the Atlanto-Occipital Joint are (2)
-Dorsal Atlanto-Occipital Membrane
-Ventral Atlanto-Occipital Membrane
Ligaments of the Atlanto-Axial Joint are (3)
-Dorsal Atlanto-Axial Membrane
-Ventral Atlanto-Axial Membrane
-Interspinous
Dens connect to the
skull
There are __ parts to the dens of the dog and they are ___
3; apical and two alar
The Epaxial muscles include
-Transversospinalis Group
-Longissmus
-Iliocostalis
The transverse atlantal ligament (2)
-is a strap that pushes the dens down and away from spine
-if ruptured, will cause death
Contracting epaxials causes
extension of the back
Contraction of the Ipsilateral Epaxials and Hypaxials causes
lateral bending of the back
Contraction of the hypaxials causes
Flexion of the back
Contracting the lumbar epaxials and contralateral thoracic hypaxials & rotators causes
rotation of the back
Hypaxial muscles consist of
-Psoas major (part of iliopsoas)
-Psoas minor
-Quadratus lumborum
most dorsal hypaxial muscle is
Quadratus Lumborum
Most ventral and medial hypaxial muscle that is shiny and white is the
Psoas minor
Psoas Major (origin/insertion)
O: ventral surface L3/4-6
I: lesser trochanter of the femur
Psoas Minor (origin/insertion)
O: T10/11 - L3/4
I: Ileopectinal Line of Pelvis
Quadratus Lumborum (origin/insertion)
O: T11/12-13 and tranverse processes of lumbar vertebrae
I: Ilium
Abdominal Muscles include:
-External abdominal oblique
-Internal abdominal oblique
-Transversus abdominus
-Rectus abdominus
External Abdominal Oblique (origin/insertion)
O: ribs and lumbosacral fascia
I: linea alba and prepubic tendon
The largest abdominal muscle is the
External Abdominal Oblique
Which abdominal muscle fibres run caudo-ventrally (down and back)
External Abdominal Oblique
Which abdominal muscle fibres run cranio-ventrally (up and back)
Internal Abdominal Oblique
Which is the deepest abdominal muscle
Transversus Abdominus
Which abdominal fibres run dorso-ventrally
Transversus Abdominus
Transversus Abdominus (origin/insertion)
O: transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae and asternal ribs
I: Linea alba and Xipoid cartilage
Internal Abdominal Oblique (origin/insertion)
O: Tuber coxae, lumbo-sacral fusion, and inguinal ligament
I: linea alba and last 4-5 ribs
Which abdominal muscle fibres run cranio-caudally
Rectus Abdominus
Rectus Abdominus (origin/insertion)
O: prepubic tendon
I: Sternum
Line of connective tissue along the midline of the animal is called the
Linea Alba
There are ___ main longitudinal columns of epaxial muscles that may be divided into ___
3; 4 columns
All epaxial muscles have ___ columns
Thoracis and Lumborum
Which epaxial muscle has a capitas column
Longissimus
Which epaxial muscles have a cervicis column
Longissimus and Multifidus (Transversospinalis group)
A major component of the Transversospinalis Group is
Multifidus muscle
Most dorsal to most ventral epaxial muscles
-Transversospinalis Group
-Longissimus
-Iliocostalis
Most lateral epaxial muscle
Iliocostalis (thoracis and lumborum)
The iliocostalis is fused with the
Longissimus lumborum
Iliocostalis (origin/insertion)
O: Wing of ilium
I: transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae and the last few ribs
The iliocostalis can be divided into
-iliocostalis thoracis
-iliocostalis lumborum
The middle group of the epaxial muscles is
Longissimus
There are __ parts to Longissimus and they are ___
4
-Longissimus Dorsi (thoracic and lumbar part)
-Longissimus Cervicas
-Longissimus Capitis
The largest muscle in the Transversospinalis System is the
Multifidus
There are __ parts to Multifidus muscle and they are ___
3
-lumbar
-thoracic
-cervical
The 2 extrinsic neck muscles are
-Splenius
-Semispinalis capitis
Semispinalis capitas can be further divided into
-biventer
-complexus
Extrinsic neck muscles run ___ and move ___
from the body to the skull; move the head and neck relative to body
The Splenius is located
deep to Rhomboideus and Cleidocervicalis
Splenius (origin/insertion)
O: Lumbodorsal fascia
I: nuchal crest and mastoid process
Which muscle is deep to the Splenius
Semispinalis Capitas
The ___ is beneath ____ which is beneath the Splenius
Complexus; Biventer
There are ___ parts to Semispinalis Capitas and they are ____
2
-Biventer
-Complexus
Intrinsic neck muscles run ___ and move ___
from the neck to the head; move head relative to neck
Lateral neck muscles are used for
pulling the head/neck to the side (ie. to turn)
4 Lateral Neck Muscles are:
-Brachiocephalic (cleidobrachialis, cleidocervicalis, cleidomastoideus)
-Serratus ventralis
-Sternocephalic
-Scalenus
Which muscle of the neck also assists with respiration
Scalenus
Sternocephalicus (origin/insertion)
O: Sternum
I: Ramus of Mandible (ie. back of the jaw)
Scalenus (origin/insertion)
O: Last few cervical vertebrae
I: First 7-8 ribs
Scalenus functions (3):
-flex neck laterally
-flex back
-assists with respiration