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VETS1021: Locomotion (Dog) > Back and Neck > Flashcards

Back and Neck Flashcards

1
Q

Epaxial muscles are those

A

above the vertebrae

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2
Q

The ___ ligament supports the vertebrae

A

Supraspinous

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3
Q

Hypaxial muscles are those

A

below the vertebrae

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4
Q

Extensors of the back are

A

Epaxial muscles

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5
Q

Extensors of the hip are

A

-Gluteals (superficial, middle, deep)
-Hamstrings (Biceps Femoris, Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus)

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6
Q

Extensors of the stifle are

A

Quadriceps (Rectus Femoris, Lateral Vastus, Medial Vastus, Intermediate Vastus)

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7
Q

Extensors of the hock

A

Gastrocnemius

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8
Q

Protractors of the forelimb

A

Brachiocephalic (Cleidobrachialis, Cleidomastoidideus, Cleidocervicalis)

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9
Q

Extensors of the shoulder

A

Supraspinatus

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10
Q

Flexors of the back

A

-Hypaxial muscles
-Abdominal muscles

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11
Q

Retractors of the forelimb

A

-Latissimus dorsi
-Deep Pectorals

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12
Q

Extensors of the elbow

A

Triceps brachii (long, lateral, medial, intermediate)

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13
Q

Flexors of the hip

A

-Iliopsoas
-Rectus Femoris

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14
Q

Large animals developed ___ and ____ as support to the head

A

Nuchal Ligament; Large Spinous Processes (withers)

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15
Q

Three ligaments of the Vertebral Column

A

-Ventral Longitudinal Ligament
-Dorsal Longitudinal Ligament
-Supraspinous Ligament

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16
Q

Which ligament is along the tip of the spinous process

A

Supraspinous Ligament

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17
Q

Which ligament runs from the thorax and sacrum

A

Ventral Longitudinal Ligament

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18
Q

Which ligament runs from the axis to the sacrum

A

Dorsal Longitudinal Ligament

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19
Q

Which ligament is modified in the neck to form the Nuchal Ligament

A

Supraspinous Ligament

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20
Q

The Nuchal Ligament (4)

A

-runs from the spine of axis to the spinous process of T1in the dog
-runs from occipital bone and cervical vertebrae to the spinous processes of the first few thoracic vertebrae in the horse
-paired fibrous band
-yellow elastic fibres

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21
Q

Bursae minimise

A

pressure over bony prominences

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22
Q

Poll Evil and Fistulous Withers are

A

infections of the Atlantal Bursa and Supraspinous Bursa, respectively

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23
Q

The atlas articulates with the occipital condyles at the

A

Atlanto-Occipital Joint

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24
Q

The atlas articulates with the atlas at the

A

Atlanto-Axial Joint

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25
Q

Which joint causes nodding (up and down) movement of the head

A

Atlanto-Occipital Joint

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26
Q

Which joint cause the head to rotate (move side to side)

A

Atlanto-Axial Joint

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27
Q

Ligaments of the Atlanto-Occipital Joint are (2)

A

-Dorsal Atlanto-Occipital Membrane
-Ventral Atlanto-Occipital Membrane

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28
Q

Ligaments of the Atlanto-Axial Joint are (3)

A

-Dorsal Atlanto-Axial Membrane
-Ventral Atlanto-Axial Membrane
-Interspinous

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29
Q

Dens connect to the

A

skull

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30
Q

There are __ parts to the dens of the dog and they are ___

A

3; apical and two alar

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31
Q

The Epaxial muscles include

A

-Transversospinalis Group
-Longissmus
-Iliocostalis

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31
Q

The transverse atlantal ligament (2)

A

-is a strap that pushes the dens down and away from spine
-if ruptured, will cause death

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32
Q

Contracting epaxials causes

A

extension of the back

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33
Q

Contraction of the Ipsilateral Epaxials and Hypaxials causes

A

lateral bending of the back

34
Q

Contraction of the hypaxials causes

A

Flexion of the back

35
Q

Contracting the lumbar epaxials and contralateral thoracic hypaxials & rotators causes

A

rotation of the back

36
Q

Hypaxial muscles consist of

A

-Psoas major (part of iliopsoas)
-Psoas minor
-Quadratus lumborum

37
Q

most dorsal hypaxial muscle is

A

Quadratus Lumborum

38
Q

Most ventral and medial hypaxial muscle that is shiny and white is the

A

Psoas minor

39
Q

Psoas Major (origin/insertion)

A

O: ventral surface L3/4-6
I: lesser trochanter of the femur

40
Q

Psoas Minor (origin/insertion)

A

O: T10/11 - L3/4
I: Ileopectinal Line of Pelvis

41
Q

Quadratus Lumborum (origin/insertion)

A

O: T11/12-13 and tranverse processes of lumbar vertebrae
I: Ilium

42
Q

Abdominal Muscles include:

A

-External abdominal oblique
-Internal abdominal oblique
-Transversus abdominus
-Rectus abdominus

43
Q

External Abdominal Oblique (origin/insertion)

A

O: ribs and lumbosacral fascia
I: linea alba and prepubic tendon

44
Q

The largest abdominal muscle is the

A

External Abdominal Oblique

45
Q

Which abdominal muscle fibres run caudo-ventrally (down and back)

A

External Abdominal Oblique

46
Q

Which abdominal muscle fibres run cranio-ventrally (up and back)

A

Internal Abdominal Oblique

47
Q

Which is the deepest abdominal muscle

A

Transversus Abdominus

48
Q

Which abdominal fibres run dorso-ventrally

A

Transversus Abdominus

49
Q

Transversus Abdominus (origin/insertion)

A

O: transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae and asternal ribs
I: Linea alba and Xipoid cartilage

50
Q

Internal Abdominal Oblique (origin/insertion)

A

O: Tuber coxae, lumbo-sacral fusion, and inguinal ligament
I: linea alba and last 4-5 ribs

51
Q

Which abdominal muscle fibres run cranio-caudally

A

Rectus Abdominus

52
Q

Rectus Abdominus (origin/insertion)

A

O: prepubic tendon
I: Sternum

53
Q

Line of connective tissue along the midline of the animal is called the

A

Linea Alba

54
Q

There are ___ main longitudinal columns of epaxial muscles that may be divided into ___

A

3; 4 columns

55
Q

All epaxial muscles have ___ columns

A

Thoracis and Lumborum

56
Q

Which epaxial muscle has a capitas column

A

Longissimus

57
Q

Which epaxial muscles have a cervicis column

A

Longissimus and Multifidus (Transversospinalis group)

58
Q

A major component of the Transversospinalis Group is

A

Multifidus muscle

59
Q

Most dorsal to most ventral epaxial muscles

A

-Transversospinalis Group
-Longissimus
-Iliocostalis

60
Q

Most lateral epaxial muscle

A

Iliocostalis (thoracis and lumborum)

61
Q

The iliocostalis is fused with the

A

Longissimus lumborum

62
Q

Iliocostalis (origin/insertion)

A

O: Wing of ilium
I: transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae and the last few ribs

63
Q

The iliocostalis can be divided into

A

-iliocostalis thoracis
-iliocostalis lumborum

64
Q

The middle group of the epaxial muscles is

A

Longissimus

65
Q

There are __ parts to Longissimus and they are ___

A

4
-Longissimus Dorsi (thoracic and lumbar part)
-Longissimus Cervicas
-Longissimus Capitis

66
Q

The largest muscle in the Transversospinalis System is the

A

Multifidus

67
Q

There are __ parts to Multifidus muscle and they are ___

A

3
-lumbar
-thoracic
-cervical

68
Q

The 2 extrinsic neck muscles are

A

-Splenius
-Semispinalis capitis

69
Q

Semispinalis capitas can be further divided into

A

-biventer
-complexus

70
Q

Extrinsic neck muscles run ___ and move ___

A

from the body to the skull; move the head and neck relative to body

71
Q

The Splenius is located

A

deep to Rhomboideus and Cleidocervicalis

72
Q

Splenius (origin/insertion)

A

O: Lumbodorsal fascia
I: nuchal crest and mastoid process

73
Q

Which muscle is deep to the Splenius

A

Semispinalis Capitas

74
Q

The ___ is beneath ____ which is beneath the Splenius

A

Complexus; Biventer

75
Q

There are ___ parts to Semispinalis Capitas and they are ____

A

2
-Biventer
-Complexus

76
Q

Intrinsic neck muscles run ___ and move ___

A

from the neck to the head; move head relative to neck

77
Q

Lateral neck muscles are used for

A

pulling the head/neck to the side (ie. to turn)

78
Q

4 Lateral Neck Muscles are:

A

-Brachiocephalic (cleidobrachialis, cleidocervicalis, cleidomastoideus)
-Serratus ventralis
-Sternocephalic
-Scalenus

79
Q

Which muscle of the neck also assists with respiration

A

Scalenus

80
Q

Sternocephalicus (origin/insertion)

A

O: Sternum
I: Ramus of Mandible (ie. back of the jaw)

81
Q

Scalenus (origin/insertion)

A

O: Last few cervical vertebrae
I: First 7-8 ribs

82
Q

Scalenus functions (3):

A

-flex neck laterally
-flex back
-assists with respiration

VETS1021: Locomotion (Dog) (9 decks)

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