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VETS1021: Locomotion (Dog) > Back and Neck > Flashcards

Back and Neck Flashcards

1
Q

Epaxial muscles are those

A

above the vertebrae

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2
Q

The ___ ligament supports the vertebrae

A

Supraspinous

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3
Q

Hypaxial muscles are those

A

below the vertebrae

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4
Q

Extensors of the back are

A

Epaxial muscles

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5
Q

Extensors of the hip are

A

-Gluteals (superficial, middle, deep)
-Hamstrings (Biceps Femoris, Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus)

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6
Q

Extensors of the stifle are

A

Quadriceps (Rectus Femoris, Lateral Vastus, Medial Vastus, Intermediate Vastus)

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7
Q

Extensors of the hock

A

Gastrocnemius

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8
Q

Protractors of the forelimb

A

Brachiocephalic (Cleidobrachialis, Cleidomastoidideus, Cleidocervicalis)

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9
Q

Extensors of the shoulder

A

Supraspinatus

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10
Q

Flexors of the back

A

-Hypaxial muscles
-Abdominal muscles

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11
Q

Retractors of the forelimb

A

-Latissimus dorsi
-Deep Pectorals

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12
Q

Extensors of the elbow

A

Triceps brachii (long, lateral, medial, intermediate)

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13
Q

Flexors of the hip

A

-Iliopsoas
-Rectus Femoris

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14
Q

Large animals developed ___ and ____ as support to the head

A

Nuchal Ligament; Large Spinous Processes (withers)

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15
Q

Three ligaments of the Vertebral Column

A

-Ventral Longitudinal Ligament
-Dorsal Longitudinal Ligament
-Supraspinous Ligament

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16
Q

Which ligament is along the tip of the spinous process

A

Supraspinous Ligament

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17
Q

Which ligament runs from the thorax and sacrum

A

Ventral Longitudinal Ligament

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18
Q

Which ligament runs from the axis to the sacrum

A

Dorsal Longitudinal Ligament

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19
Q

Which ligament is modified in the neck to form the Nuchal Ligament

A

Supraspinous Ligament

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20
Q

The Nuchal Ligament (4)

A

-runs from the spine of axis to the spinous process of T1in the dog
-runs from occipital bone and cervical vertebrae to the spinous processes of the first few thoracic vertebrae in the horse
-paired fibrous band
-yellow elastic fibres

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21
Q

Bursae minimise

A

pressure over bony prominences

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22
Q

Poll Evil and Fistulous Withers are

A

infections of the Atlantal Bursa and Supraspinous Bursa, respectively

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23
Q

The atlas articulates with the occipital condyles at the

A

Atlanto-Occipital Joint

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24
Q

The atlas articulates with the atlas at the

A

Atlanto-Axial Joint

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25
Which joint causes nodding (up and down) movement of the head
Atlanto-Occipital Joint
26
Which joint cause the head to rotate (move side to side)
Atlanto-Axial Joint
27
Ligaments of the Atlanto-Occipital Joint are (2)
-Dorsal Atlanto-Occipital Membrane -Ventral Atlanto-Occipital Membrane
28
Ligaments of the Atlanto-Axial Joint are (3)
-Dorsal Atlanto-Axial Membrane -Ventral Atlanto-Axial Membrane -Interspinous
29
Dens connect to the
skull
30
There are __ parts to the dens of the dog and they are ___
3; apical and two alar
31
The Epaxial muscles include
-Transversospinalis Group -Longissmus -Iliocostalis
31
The transverse atlantal ligament (2)
-is a strap that pushes the dens down and away from spine -if ruptured, will cause death
32
Contracting epaxials causes
extension of the back
33
Contraction of the Ipsilateral Epaxials and Hypaxials causes
lateral bending of the back
34
Contraction of the hypaxials causes
Flexion of the back
35
Contracting the lumbar epaxials and contralateral thoracic hypaxials & rotators causes
rotation of the back
36
Hypaxial muscles consist of
-Psoas major (part of iliopsoas) -Psoas minor -Quadratus lumborum
37
most dorsal hypaxial muscle is
Quadratus Lumborum
38
Most ventral and medial hypaxial muscle that is shiny and white is the
Psoas minor
39
Psoas Major (origin/insertion)
O: ventral surface L3/4-6 I: lesser trochanter of the femur
40
Psoas Minor (origin/insertion)
O: T10/11 - L3/4 I: Ileopectinal Line of Pelvis
41
Quadratus Lumborum (origin/insertion)
O: T11/12-13 and tranverse processes of lumbar vertebrae I: Ilium
42
Abdominal Muscles include:
-External abdominal oblique -Internal abdominal oblique -Transversus abdominus -Rectus abdominus
43
External Abdominal Oblique (origin/insertion)
O: ribs and lumbosacral fascia I: linea alba and prepubic tendon
44
The largest abdominal muscle is the
External Abdominal Oblique
45
Which abdominal muscle fibres run caudo-ventrally (down and back)
External Abdominal Oblique
46
Which abdominal muscle fibres run cranio-ventrally (up and back)
Internal Abdominal Oblique
47
Which is the deepest abdominal muscle
Transversus Abdominus
48
Which abdominal fibres run dorso-ventrally
Transversus Abdominus
49
Transversus Abdominus (origin/insertion)
O: transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae and asternal ribs I: Linea alba and Xipoid cartilage
50
Internal Abdominal Oblique (origin/insertion)
O: Tuber coxae, lumbo-sacral fusion, and inguinal ligament I: linea alba and last 4-5 ribs
51
Which abdominal muscle fibres run cranio-caudally
Rectus Abdominus
52
Rectus Abdominus (origin/insertion)
O: prepubic tendon I: Sternum
53
Line of connective tissue along the midline of the animal is called the
Linea Alba
54
There are ___ main longitudinal columns of epaxial muscles that may be divided into ___
3; 4 columns
55
All epaxial muscles have ___ columns
Thoracis and Lumborum
56
Which epaxial muscle has a capitas column
Longissimus
57
Which epaxial muscles have a cervicis column
Longissimus and Multifidus (Transversospinalis group)
58
A major component of the Transversospinalis Group is
Multifidus muscle
59
Most dorsal to most ventral epaxial muscles
-Transversospinalis Group -Longissimus -Iliocostalis
60
Most lateral epaxial muscle
Iliocostalis (thoracis and lumborum)
61
The iliocostalis is fused with the
Longissimus lumborum
62
Iliocostalis (origin/insertion)
O: Wing of ilium I: transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae and the last few ribs
63
The iliocostalis can be divided into
-iliocostalis thoracis -iliocostalis lumborum
64
The middle group of the epaxial muscles is
Longissimus
65
There are __ parts to Longissimus and they are ___
4 -Longissimus Dorsi (thoracic and lumbar part) -Longissimus Cervicas -Longissimus Capitis
66
The largest muscle in the Transversospinalis System is the
Multifidus
67
There are __ parts to Multifidus muscle and they are ___
3 -lumbar -thoracic -cervical
68
The 2 extrinsic neck muscles are
-Splenius -Semispinalis capitis
69
Semispinalis capitas can be further divided into
-biventer -complexus
70
Extrinsic neck muscles run ___ and move ___
from the body to the skull; move the head and neck relative to body
71
The Splenius is located
deep to Rhomboideus and Cleidocervicalis
72
Splenius (origin/insertion)
O: Lumbodorsal fascia I: nuchal crest and mastoid process
73
Which muscle is deep to the Splenius
Semispinalis Capitas
74
The ___ is beneath ____ which is beneath the Splenius
Complexus; Biventer
75
There are ___ parts to Semispinalis Capitas and they are ____
2 -Biventer -Complexus
76
Intrinsic neck muscles run ___ and move ___
from the neck to the head; move head relative to neck
77
Lateral neck muscles are used for
pulling the head/neck to the side (ie. to turn)
78
4 Lateral Neck Muscles are:
-Brachiocephalic (cleidobrachialis, cleidocervicalis, cleidomastoideus) -Serratus ventralis -Sternocephalic -Scalenus
79
Which muscle of the neck also assists with respiration
Scalenus
80
Sternocephalicus (origin/insertion)
O: Sternum I: Ramus of Mandible (ie. back of the jaw)
81
Scalenus (origin/insertion)
O: Last few cervical vertebrae I: First 7-8 ribs
82
Scalenus functions (3):
-flex neck laterally -flex back -assists with respiration

VETS1021: Locomotion (Dog) (9 decks)

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