Locomotion Intro Flashcards
1
Q
Two types of movement
A
- Regional
- Whole Body Movement
2
Q
Regional Movement can be
A
- Involuntary (smooth/cardiac muscle)
- Voluntary (skeletal muscle)
3
Q
Whole Body Movement can be
A
- Vertical (standing up, lying down, kicking, etc)
- Horizontal (terrestrial animals)
4
Q
Components of the Locomotion System include 5
A
-bones
-joints
-muscles (skeletal)
-nerves
-blood vessels
5
Q
Joints are
A
anywhere where two bones come together
6
Q
Muscles run
A
from one bone to another
7
Q
Function of bones: (5)
A
-support
-protection
-movement and muscle attachment
-mineral homeostasis (ie. Calcium)
-haemopoiesis (ie. production of blood cells)
8
Q
Types of Bones: (4)
A
-long (movement)
-short (reduce friction and shock absorption)
-flat (protection; muscle attachment)
-irregular
9
Q
The largest Sesamoid Bone in the body is the
A
Patella (kneecap)
10
Q
Long Bone example
A
Bones of the limb
11
Q
Short Bone example
A
Sesamoid Bones
12
Q
Flat Bone examples
A
-bones of the skull
-scapula
13
Q
Irregular Bone examples
A
-vertebrae
-base of skull (sphenoid)
14
Q
Sesamoid bones develop in response to
A
friction in utero
15
Q
Stress is
A
an external force (ex. lifting weights)
16
Q
Strain is
A
How the body responds to stress
17
Q
Main cell for growing bone
A
Osteoblast
18
Q
Two types of bone development
A
-membranous bones
-cartilaginous bones
19
Q
Cartilaginous bones: (4)
A
-develop in utero
-most common
-develop from pre-existing cartilage
-ex. most bones of skeleton, irregular bones at base of skull
20
Q
Membranous bones: (2)
A
-develop on layers of collagen fibres
-ex. flat bones of the skull
21
Q
Tensile strength is
A
Pulling
22
Q
Compressional strength is
A
Pushing
23
Q
Many bones are
A
hollow
24
Q
Where bone meets bone
A
articular cartilage
25
Parts of the Long Bone (3)
-Epiphysis (extremity)
-Diaphysis (shaft)
-Metaphysis
26
The Growth Plate is also called ___ and does ____
-Epiphyseal Cartilage
-separates epiphysis from rest of the bone
27
The Epiphysis is
the proximal and distal ends of the bone
28
Compact bone is
The dense, external layer
29
Spongy (Cancellous) bone is
The internal layer of the bone containing spicules (trabeculae)
30
Three layers of bone
-Periosteum
-Endosteum
-Medullary Cavity
31
External membrane of bone
Periosteum
32
Periosteum is: (4)
-the external membrane of bone
-contains nerves and blood vessels
-continuous with tendons
-thick and tough
33
Endosteum is:
the internal membrane of bone that lines the medullary cavity
34
The Medullary Cavity is: (3)
-hollow center within the Diaphysis
-Red marrow in young animals
-Yellow marrow (fat) in mature animals
35
Major blood vessel of bones is ___ and enters through ____
-Nutrient Artery
-Nutrient Foramen
36
The Nutrient Artery branches into
The proximal and distal medullary arteries
37
When two arteries come together, it is called
Anastomose
38
Two arteries that anastomose with the Medullary Artery are:
-Periosteal arterioles
-Metaphyseal artery
39
The periosteal arterioles supply
the outer cortex of the diaphysis in areas of strong fascial attachment
40
In young animals, this artery is present
Epiphyseal Artery
41
The epiphyseal artery is: (2)
-present only in young animals
-separates blood vessels
42
Joints are formed when
Two or more bones unite via fibrous (elastic) or cartilaginous tissue
43
Three types of joints
-Fibrous
-Cartilaginous
-Synovial
44
Fibrous joints are further divided into (3)
-Suture
-Syndesmosis
-Gomphosis
45
Cartilaginous joints are further divided into (2)
-Symphysis
-Synchrondosis
46
Joint with least movement are
Fibrous
47
Joint with most movement are
Synovial
48
Fibrous Joints are: (5)
-held together by fibrous connective tissue
-have little movement
-are short, direct, and often transitory (ie. become ossified during maturation)
-lack a joint cavity
-Suture, Syndesmosis, Gomphosis
49
Which joint(s) lack a joint capsule
-Fibrous
-Cartilaginous
50
Sutures are: (4)
-fibrous joints
-flat bones of skull
-little movement but allow for growth
-transitory
51
Once matured, suture joints
Ossify to form Synostosis
52
Bregma
meeting of two suture joints (sagittal and coronal)
53
Fontanelle
hole in head
54
Syndesmosis are (2) and 2 examples:
-fibrous joints with intervening tissue
-have more movement than sutures but still restricted
Examples:
-tibia to fibula
-splint bone in horse
55
Gomphosis are: (3)
-a type of fibrous joint
-peg in socket joint (ex. tooth in gum)
-slight movement but firm attachment
56
Cartilaginous Joints are: (4)
-formed from cartilage, fibro-cartilage, or both
-lack a joint capsule
-limited movement (mainly compression and stretching)
-Symphysis, Synchondrosis
57
Symphysis are ___ and include ____
-a fibrocartilaginous joint
Includes:
-Pelvic Symphysis
-Mandibular Symphysis
-Intervertebral Joints
-Intersternebral Joints
58
Intervertebral discs are
between the centrum and body of the vertebrae, used for compression/tension
59
Synchondrosis are: (3)
-made of hyaline cartilage (ie. no fibrous material)
-can be transitory (Epiphyseal Cartilage/Growth Plate)
-can be permanent (Costochondral Joint and Hyoid to skull)
60
Synovial Joints have (2)
-greatest movement
-high levels of injury and pathology
61
All Synovial Joints contain: (4)
-joint capsule (encloses the joint)
-joint cavity (contains synovial fluid)
-synovial fluid
-articular cartilage (usually hyaline, located at the ends of bones)
62
Joints can be classified by: (3)
-structure
-articulation
-shape
63
A simple joint is ___ and an example is ___
-two articular surfaces in joint
-shoulder (scapula to humerus)
64
A compound joint is ___ and an example is ___
-2+ articular surfaces in joint
-elbow (humerus to radius and ulna)
65
5 Joint Shapes and an example of each:
-Ball & Socket/Enarthrosis (hip, shoulder)
-Hinge/Ginglymus (elbow)
-Condylar (stifle)
-Pivot/Trochoid (atlanto-axial)
-Gliding/Arthrodial (carpometacarpal)
66
The Synovial Membrane is made of
the Stratum Fibrosum and Stratum Synoviale
67
Two layers of the joint capsule
-Stratum Fibrosum (thick, outer layer)
-Stratum Synoviale (thin, inner layer)
68
Stratum Synoviale (4)
-thin, inner layer of joint capsule
-made of loose connective tissue
-phagocytic
-secretes hyaluronan
69
What membrane encapsulates the joint
Synovial Membrane
70
Functions of Joint Capsule: (3)
-absorption
-lubricate
-protect
71
Functions of Articular Cartilage: (2)
-reduce friction
-shock absorption
72
Articular Cartilage is: (2)
-normally made of hyaline cartilage
-avascular (no nerves)
73
Functions of Synovial Fluid: (3)
-nutrition of articular cartilage
-lubrication
-shock absorption
74
Synovial Fluid contains
mucopolysaccharides (hyaluronan)
75
Ligaments: (5)
-are thickenings of Stratum Fibrosum (outer layer of synovial membrane)
-respond to tensional forces
-strengthen the joints
-restrain movement (overextension/overflexion)
-almost pure collagen
76
Menisci are ___ and found in ___
-special fibrocartilage articular structures containing a nerve supply
-Stifle and Temporo-mandibular joints ONLY
77
Flexion
Reduction in angle of joint
78
Extension
Increase in angle of joint
79
Abduction
Movement away from the midline
80
Adduction
Movement toward midline of body
81
Bursae and Tendon Sheaths
Reduce friction between the tendon and bone
82
Sesamoid Bones develop
as bones within the tendon
83
Three types of muscle
-Smooth (Visceral)
-Skeletal (Striated)
-Cardiac
84
Functions of muscle: (4)
-produce movement
-restrain movement
-support joints
-produce heat
85
Individual muscles are composed of
long muscle fibres
86
Fibres can be (2)
-Type I (slow twitch)
-Type II (fast twitch)
87
Slow twitch fibres/muscles are (4)
-aerobic
-small
-weak
-endurance
88
Fast twitch fibres/muscles are (6)
-anaerobic
-large
-strong
-used infrequently
-build up lactic acid and oxygen debt
-sporadic busts of energy
89
Muscles are separated by
Fascia (ie. connective tissue)
90
Skeletal Muscles are named according to: (5)
-function
-position
-direction of fibres
-shape
-form
91
Deep fascia (2)
-thick, heavy
-immediately around muscle, continues as tendon
92
Superficial fascia (2)
-loose
-connects skin to underlying muscle
93
Fascia is also called
Epimysium
94
Tendons (3)
-thinner than muscle
-stronger than bone
-some elasticity
95
Origin (2)
-least movement
-usually proximal
96
Insertion
-most movement
-usually distal
97
Muscles exert force by
Contraction of individual muscle fibres (ie. more fibres = greater strength)
98
Fusiform Muscle (3)
-fibres converge on tendon
-muscle is spindle-shaped
-ex. biceps
99
Pennate Muscle (3)
-most common
-long tendon attachment at an angle
-can be unipennate, bipennate, or multipennate
100
The Clavicular Tendon
divides Brachiocephalic muscle into three parts
101
Rectus Abdominis are
fibrous lines that run across the belly (ie. 6 pack)
102
New fibres are
NOT normally formed post-natal
103
Forelimb of domestic mammals has
No bony connection to the body (clavicle in some mammals ie. primates)
104
An alliance of muscles is called
Synsarcosis
105
Two types of limbs in Eutherian Mammals:
-Graviportal (weight bearing)
-Cursorial (running)
106
Graviportal Limbs: (4)
-bones are short and thick
-feet are short
-calcaneous is large and close to end of digits (limited range but powerful movement)
-adapted for weight bearing (ex. elephant)
107
Cursorial Limbs: (4)
-bones are long and thin
-feet are long
-calcaneous is short (weak movement but large range)
-adapted for running (ex. dog, horse)
108
Plantigrade
-whole foot is in contact with the ground (ex. bear)
109
Digitigrade
-only the distal ends of the metacarpals/tarsals and digits are in contact with the ground (ex. dog)
110
Unguligrade
-only the distal end of the digit is in contact with the ground (ex. horse)
111
Muscles above the spinal cord
Epaxial
112
The pectoral girdle in mammals (3)
-became simplified
-reduction in clavicle and coracoid
-scapula developed a spine for muscle attachment
113
Muscles below the spinal cord
Hypaxial
114
Pelvic girdle of mammals contains (3)
-ilium that projects cranially
-ischium from muscle attachment
-pubis joined ventrally creating the Pelvic Symphysis
115
Two major events during reptile to mammal transition:
-horizontal to vertical stance
-rotation of limbs
116
Dorsal Muscle Mass (forelimb, hindlimb, and nerve)
Forelimb:
-caudal above elbow
-cranial below elbow
Hindlimb:
-cranial
Nerve:
-radial
117
Ventral Muscle Mass (forelimb, hindlimb, and nerve)
Forelimb:
-cranial above elbow
-caudal below elbow
Hindlimb:
-caudal
Nerves:
-musculo-cutaneous, median, ulnar
