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VETS1021: Locomotion (Dog) > Locomotion Intro > Flashcards

Locomotion Intro Flashcards

1
Q

Two types of movement

A
  1. Regional
  2. Whole Body Movement
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2
Q

Regional Movement can be

A
  1. Involuntary (smooth/cardiac muscle)
  2. Voluntary (skeletal muscle)
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3
Q

Whole Body Movement can be

A
  1. Vertical (standing up, lying down, kicking, etc)
  2. Horizontal (terrestrial animals)
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4
Q

Components of the Locomotion System include

A

-bones
-joints
-muscles (skeletal)
-nerves
-blood vessels

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5
Q

Joints are

A

anywhere where two bones come together

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6
Q

Muscles run

A

from one bone to another

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7
Q

Function of bones: (5)

A

-support
-protection
-movement and muscle attachment
-mineral homeostasis (ie. Calcium)
-haemopoiesis (ie. production of blood cells)

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8
Q

Types of Bones: (4)

A

-long (movement)
-short (reduce friction and shock absorption)
-flat (protection; muscle attachment)
-irregular

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9
Q

The largest Sesamoid Bone in the body is the

A

Patella (kneecap)

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10
Q

Long Bone example

A

Bones of the limb

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11
Q

Short Bone example

A

Sesamoid Bones

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12
Q

Flat Bone examples

A

-bones of the skull
-scapula

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13
Q

Irregular Bone examples

A

-vertebrae
-base of skull (sphenoid)

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14
Q

Sesamoid bones develop in response to

A

friction in utero

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15
Q

Stress is

A

an external force (ex. lifting weights)

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16
Q

Strain is

A

How the body responds to stress

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17
Q

Main cell for growing bone

A

Osteoblast

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18
Q

Two types of bone development

A

-membranous bones
-cartilaginous bones

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19
Q

Cartilaginous bones: (4)

A

-develop in utero
-most common
-develop from pre-existing cartilage
-ex. most bones of skeleton, irregular bones at base of skull

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20
Q

Membranous bones: (2)

A

-develop on layers of collagen fibres
-ex. flat bones of the skull

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21
Q

Tensile strength is

A

Pulling

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22
Q

Compressional strength is

A

Pushing

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23
Q

Many bones are

A

hollow

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24
Q

Where bone meets bone

A

articular cartilage

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25
Q

Parts of the Long Bone

A

-Epiphysis (extremity)
-Diaphysis (shaft)
-Metaphysis

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26
Q

The Growth Plate is also called ___ and does ____

A

-Epiphyseal Cartilage
-separates epiphysis from rest of the bone

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27
Q

The Epiphysis is

A

the proximal and distal ends of the bone

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28
Q

Compact bone is

A

The dense, external layer

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29
Q

Spongy (Cancellous) bone is

A

The internal layer of the bone containing spicules (trabeculae)

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30
Q

Three layers of bone

A

-Periosteum
-Endosteum
-Medullary Cavity

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31
Q

External membrane of bone

A

Periosteum

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32
Q

Periosteum is: (4)

A

-the external membrane of bone
-contains nerves and blood vessels
-continuous with tendons
-thick and tough

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33
Q

Endosteum is:

A

the internal membrane of bone that lines the medullary cavity

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34
Q

The Medullary Cavity is: (3)

A

-hollow center within the Diaphysis
-Red marrow in young animals
-Yellow marrow (fat) in mature animals

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35
Q

Major blood vessel of bones is ___ and enters through ____

A

-Nutrient Artery
-Nutrient Foramen

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36
Q

The Nutrient Artery branches into

A

The proximal and distal medullary arteries

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37
Q

When two arteries come together, it is called

A

Anastomose

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38
Q

Two arteries that anastomose with the Medullary Artery are:

A

-Periosteal arterioles
-Metaphyseal artery

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39
Q

The periosteal arterioles supply

A

the outer cortex of the diaphysis in areas of strong fascial attachment

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40
Q

In young animals, this artery is present

A

Epiphyseal Artery

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41
Q

The epiphyseal artery is: (2)

A

-present only in young animals
-separates blood vessels

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42
Q

Joints are formed when

A

Two or more bones unite via fibrous (elastic) or cartilaginous tissue

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43
Q

Three types of joints

A

-Fibrous
-Cartilaginous
-Synovial

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44
Q

Fibrous joints are further divided into

A

-Suture
-Syndesmosis
-Gomphosis

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45
Q

Cartilaginous joints are further divided into

A

-Symphysis
-Synchrondosis

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46
Q

Joint with least movement are

A

Fibrous

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47
Q

Joint with most movement are

A

Synovial

48
Q

Fibrous Joints are: (5)

A

-held together by fibrous connective tissue
-have little movement
-are short, direct, and often transitory (ie. become ossified during maturation)
-lack a joint cavity
-Suture, Syndesmosis, Gomphosis

49
Q

Which joint(s) lack a joint capsule

A

-Fibrous
-Cartilaginous

50
Q

Sutures are: (4)

A

-fibrous joints
-flat bones of skull
-little movement but allow for growth
-transitory

51
Q

Once matured, suture joints

A

Ossify to form Synostosis

52
Q

Bregma

A

meeting of two suture joints (sagittal and coronal)

53
Q

Fontanelle

A

hole in head

54
Q

Syndesmosis are (2) and 2 examples:

A

-fibrous joints with intervening tissue
-have more movement than sutures but still restricted
Examples:
-tibia to fibula
-splint bone in horse

55
Q

Gomphosis are: (3)

A

-a type of fibrous joint
-peg in socket joint (ex. tooth in gum)
-slight movement but firm attachment

56
Q

Cartilaginous Joints are: (4)

A

-formed from cartilage, fibro-cartilage, or both
-lack a joint capsule
-limited movement (mainly compression and stretching)
-Symphysis, Synchondrosis

57
Q

Symphysis are ___ and include ____

A

-a fibrocartilaginous joint
Includes:
-Pelvic Symphysis
-Mandibular Symphysis
-Intervertebral Joints
-Intersternebral Joints

58
Q

Intervertebral discs are

A

between the centrum and body of the vertebrae, used for compression/tension

59
Q

Synchondrosis are: (3)

A

-made of hyaline cartilage (ie. no fibrous material)
-can be transitory (Epiphyseal Cartilage/Growth Plate)
-can be permanent (Costochondral Joint and Hyoid to skull)

60
Q

Synovial Joints have (2)

A

-greatest movement
-high levels of injury and pathology

61
Q

All Synovial Joints contain: (4)

A

-joint capsule (encloses the joint)
-joint cavity (contains synovial fluid)
-synovial fluid
-articular cartilage (usually hyaline, located at the ends of bones)

62
Q

Joints can be classified by:

A

-structure
-articulation
-shape

63
Q

A simple joint is ___ and an example is ___

A

-two articular surfaces in joint
-shoulder (scapula to humerus)

64
Q

A compound joint is ___ and an example is ___

A

-2+ articular surfaces in joint
-elbow (humerus to radius and ulna)

65
Q

5 Joint Shapes and an example of each:

A

-Ball & Socket/Enarthrosis (hip, shoulder)
-Hinge/Ginglymus (elbow)
-Condylar (stifle)
-Pivot/Trochoid (atlanto-axial)
-Gliding/Arthrodial (carpometacarpal)

66
Q

The Synovial Membrane is made of

A

the Stratum Fibrosum and Stratum Synoviale

67
Q

Two layers of the joint capsule

A

-Stratum Fibrosum (thick, outer layer)
-Stratum Synoviale (thin, inner layer)

68
Q

Stratum Synoviale (4)

A

-thin, inner layer of joint capsule
-made of loose connective tissue
-phagocytic
-secretes hyaluronan

69
Q

What membrane encapsulates the joint

A

Synovial Membrane

70
Q

Functions of Joint Capsule: (3)

A

-absorption
-lubricate
-protect

71
Q

Functions of Articular Cartilage: (2)

A

-reduce friction
-shock absorption

72
Q

Articular Cartilage is: (2)

A

-normally made of hyaline cartilage
-avascular (no nerves)

73
Q

Functions of Synovial Fluid: (3)

A

-nutrition of articular cartilage
-lubrication
-shock absorption

74
Q

Synovial Fluid contains

A

mucopolysaccharides (hyaluronan)

75
Q

Ligaments: (5)

A

-are thickenings of Stratum Fibrosum (outer layer of synovial membrane)
-respond to tensional forces
-strengthen the joints
-restrain movement (overextension/overflexion)
-almost pure collagen

76
Q

Menisci are ___ and found in ___

A

-special fibrocartilage articular structures containing a nerve supply
-Stifle and Temporo-mandibular joints ONLY

77
Q

Flexion

A

Reduction in angle of joint

78
Q

Extension

A

Increase in angle of joint

79
Q

Abduction

A

Movement away from the midline

80
Q

Adduction

A

Movement toward midline of body

81
Q

Bursae and Tendon Sheaths

A

Reduce friction between the tendon and bone

82
Q

Sesamoid Bones develop

A

as bones within the tendon

83
Q

Three types of muscle

A

-Smooth (Visceral)
-Skeletal (Striated)
-Cardiac

84
Q

Functions of muscle: (4)

A

-produce movement
-restrain movement
-support joints
-produce heat

85
Q

Individual muscles are composed of

A

long muscle fibres

86
Q

Fibres can be

A

-Type I (slow twitch)
-Type II (fast twitch)

87
Q

Slow twitch fibres/muscles are (4)

A

-aerobic
-small
-weak
-endurance

88
Q

Fast twitch fibres/muscles are (6)

A

-anaerobic
-large
-strong
-used infrequently
-build up lactic acid and oxygen debt
-sporadic busts of energy

89
Q

Muscles are separated by

A

Fascia (ie. connective tissue)

90
Q

Skeletal Muscles are named according to: (5)

A

-function
-position
-direction of fibres
-shape
-form

91
Q

Deep fascia (2)

A

-thick, heavy
-immediately around muscle, continues as tendon

92
Q

Superficial fascia (2)

A

-loose
-connects skin to underlying muscle

93
Q

Fascia is also called

A

Epimysium

94
Q

Tendons (3)

A

-thinner than muscle
-stronger than bone
-some elasticity

95
Q

Origin

A

-least movement
-usually proximal

96
Q

Insertion

A

-most movement
-usually distal

97
Q

Muscles exert force by

A

Contraction of individual muscle fibres (ie. more fibres = greater strength)

98
Q

Fusiform Muscle (3)

A

-fibres converge on tendon
-muscle is spindle-shaped
-ex. biceps

99
Q

Pennate Muscle (3)

A

-most common
-long tendon attachment at an angle
-can be unipennate, bipennate, or multipennate

100
Q

The Clavicular Tendon

A

divides Brachiocephalic muscle into three parts

101
Q

Rectus Abdominis are

A

fibrous lines that run across the belly (ie. 6 pack)

102
Q

New fibres are

A

NOT normally formed post-natal

103
Q

Forelimb of domestic mammals has

A

No bony connection to the body (clavicle in some mammals ie. primates)

104
Q

An alliance of muscles is called

A

Synsarcosis

105
Q

Two types of limbs in Eutherian Mammals:

A

-Graviportal (weight bearing)
-Cursorial (running)

106
Q

Graviportal Limbs: (4)

A

-bones are short and thick
-feet are short
-calcaneous is large and close to end of digits (limited range but powerful movement)
-adapted for weight bearing (ex. elephant)

107
Q

Cursorial Limbs: (4)

A

-bones are long and thin
-feet are long
-calcaneous is short (weak movement but large range)
-adapted for running (ex. dog, horse)

108
Q

Plantigrade

A

-whole foot is in contact with the ground (ex. bear)

109
Q

Digitigrade

A

-only the distal ends of the metacarpals/tarsals and digits are in contact with the ground (ex. dog)

110
Q

Unguligrade

A

-only the distal end of the digit is in contact with the ground (ex. horse)

111
Q

Muscles above the spinal cord

A

Epaxial

112
Q

The pectoral girdle in mammals (3)

A

-became simplified
-reduction in clavicle and coracoid
-scapula developed a spine for muscle attachment

113
Q

Muscles below the spinal cord

A

Hypaxial

114
Q

Pelvic girdle of mammals contains (3)

A

-ilium that projects cranially
-ischium from muscle attachment
-pubis joined ventrally creating the Pelvic Symphysis

115
Q

Two major events during reptile to mammal transition:

A

-horizontal to vertical stance
-rotation of limbs

116
Q

Dorsal Muscle Mass (forelimb, hindlimb, and nerve)

A

Forelimb:
-caudal above elbow
-cranial below elbow
Hindlimb:
-cranial
Nerve:
-radial

117
Q

Ventral Muscle Mass (forelimb, hindlimb, and nerve)

A

Forelimb:
-cranial above elbow
-caudal below elbow
Hindlimb:
-caudal
Nerves:
-musculo-cutaneous, median, ulnar

VETS1021: Locomotion (Dog) (9 decks)

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