Skeletal system Flashcards
what are the function of bones
- Stabilise and support the entire body
- Protect the internal tissues and organs
- Provide a surface for the attachment of muscles and ligaments
-Permit movement of the body by forming joints that are move muscles
What are the types of Bones
Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones
Sesmoid bones
What are long bones
have greater length than the width acts as levers that are pulled by muscles e.g femur,tibia
What are short bones
equal length, width and thickness.only limited movement is required, such as carpal bones in the wrists and tarsal bones in the ankles
what are flat bones
bones are thin and are more curved than flat protect the soft tissues and afford extensive areas for muscle attachment e.g cranial bones,scapula an d ribs
What are irregular bones
have complex shapes that cannot fit neatly into any other category e.g vertebrae,mandible
What is sesamoid bone
are small bones and are embedded within certain tendons where there is considerable friction tension and physical stress e.g palms,soles of feet
What is the structure of a long bone
have a tubular central shaft called diaphysis - that extends outwards at the end and these are called epiphysis
What is the diaphysis
a hollow cylinder surrounding the medullary cavity which is filled with yellow bone marrow. This is mostly fat.
What is epiphysis
epiphysis is covered in a cartilage where the epiphysis of adjacent bones meet.
What is metaphysis
is the area where the diaphysis joins the epiphysis
What are the two types of bone tissues
Compact tissues and spongy bone tissues
What is compact bone tissues
the harder and outer tissues of bones,It forms the outer layer of all bones and constitutes the bulk of the diaphysis of long bones
What is Haversian systems
Bones consist of numerous longitudinal central canals known as Haversian canals or osteonic canals. These microscopic tubes contain nerve fibers and a small number of capillaries, enabling bones to receive oxygen and nutrients without being overly vascular.
What is Volkmann’s canals
Haversian canals have branches perpendicular to them called perforating canals or Volkmann’s canals. These canals extend the nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels to the periosteum and inward to the endosteum.
What is periosteum
The outer layer of all bones is a dense layer of vascular connective tissue that envelops bones. It plays a crucial role in supplying blood to bone cells and supporting the growth and repair of bones.
What is endostenum
is the inner most layer of all bones that lines the centre of compact bone and the medullary cavity
What is the lamellae
are concentric rings that surround the Haversian canals. These contain little spaces called lacunae where bone cells (osteocytes) are located.
What is lucunae
The bone cells in our body connect with each other and with the central canal through small channels known as canaliculi. These canaliculi play a crucial role in supplying necessary nutrients to the bone cells, removing waste materials from them, and facilitating communication between the bone cells.
What is spongy bone tissues
This layer of bone is known as spongy bone, which is light and porous in nature. It is typically found at the end of long bones, ribs, hip bones, sternum, and vertebrae. The spongy bone that is located in the epiphysis is filled with red bone marrow, whereas the yellow bone marrow is found in the diaphysis. It is important to note that red bone marrow is responsible for creating blood cells.
What is trabeculae
arranged in needle like threads of bones
What is the axial skeleton
This consists of 80 bones of the head and trunk of the body including the , hyoid bone, chest and spine
What is appendicular skeleton
of 126 bones of the upper and lower extremities.
What is the skull composed of cranial bones
Occipital
Frontal
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
Parietal (pair)
Temporal (pair)
What are the facial bones
Mandible
Vomer
Maxilla (pair)
Zygomatic (pair)
Nasal (pair)
Lacrimal (pair)
Palatine (pair)
Inferior nasal conchae (pair)
What is the spine
The spine, also known as the vertebral column or backbone, is made up of a series of bones called vertebrae. The spinal cord is enclosed and protected by this column, which also supports the head and provides attachment points for the ribs, pelvic girdle, and back muscles
What does the vertebral consists of
The cervical region – 7 vertebrae
The thoracic region – 12 vertebrae
The lumbar region – 5 vertebrae
The sacral region – one bone composed of five fused sacral vertebrae
The coccygeal region – one bone composed of five fused coccygeal vertebrae
