Kidenys Flashcards
What is the structure of the renal system
The components are
- Two kidneys
- Two ureters
- Urinary bladder
- Urethra
What are the kidneys function ?
Blood enters through the renal artery and enters through a complex filtration system inside of the kidneys there are substan which are kept in the body which are reabsorbed exit through renal vein out of the kidney the unwanted stuff are eliminated through the body as urine
What is the renal anatomy
pared kidneys are reddish-brown,bean shaped organs.are retropertioneal,sited in the abnormal cavity between the peritoneum and psterior abdominal wall,extend from vertbrea T12 to L3 and the right kidney is lower then the left
What is the size of a adult kidney
10-12 cm long
5-7 cm wide
3 cm thick
On the concave border is a deep feature called the renal hilum
What is the nephron
The nephron is the functional unit of the renal system is responsible for filteration and collection
What are the areas of the kidneys
Renal cortex
Renal medulla
Nephron
What is the renal cortex
Extends from the renal capsule to base of renal pyramids. Divides into two regions
outer cortical region and the inner juxtamedullary region
What is the renal medulla
consist of 8-10 cone shaped areas called renal pyramids
What is the renal pelvis
occupies the inner region for urine collection,originates from the upper portion of ureter branches into structures called calyces
What is major and minor calyx
the apex of renal pyramids ends in renal papila opens into minor calyx drains into major calyx and into the renal pelvis
What is the renal capsule
is a fibrous capsule with protective layer of adipose tissue
What is the renal lobes
Consits of single renal pyrmid overlaying cortex tubules extending from renal cortex to renal pyramid or medulla region
What is the renal parenchyma
the functional portion of the kidney is made up of the renal cortex and renal medulla and contains about one million nephrons
What is the renal blood flow
Renal arteries into Road
Sentimental arteries into Side
Interlobar arteries into Intubation
Arcuate arteries into Anal
Interlobular arteries into Intravenous
Afferent arterioles into Access
Glomerular capillaries into Get
Effererent arterioles into Everyone
Peritubular capillaries & Pretty
Vasa recta into Vexed
Peritubular venules into People
Interlobular veins into Including
Arculate veins into Aaps
Interlobar veins into Invent
Segmental veins into Silly
Renal veins Rhymms
What is the role of filtration in the kidney via the nephron
Has two capillaries bed blood enters through the blood vessels into glomerulus tightly packed into the bowman’s capsule the walls are semi - permeable small molecules are across drain into PCT.
What is Afferent and Efferent
Afferent - Approaching/towards
Efferent - Exiting/leaving
What is Renal corpuscle
Is where blood plasma is filtered consits of the glomerulus and bowmans capsule
What is the Renal tubule
This is a passage for the filtered fluids consist of the proximal convoluted tubules,Loop of Henle and Distal Convoluted Tubules
What is the collecting duct
Forms a large papillary duct at the apex of the medulla
What is the Cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons
Cortical nephrons loop of henle lie mainly within the cortex.
Juxtamedullory nephrons loop of henle lie mainly bewteen the medulla
Cortical Nephrons
80 to 85% of nephrons are cortical,short loop of henle lies mainly in the cortex and is supplied by peritubular capillaries
What is Juxtamedullary nephrons
15-20% of nephrons,long loop of henle lies mainly in the medulla supplied by the vasa recta,thin descending limb and thick descending limb
Fuction of the kidney - A WET BED
A - Acid base balance
W- Water balance
E - Electrolyte balance
B- Blood pressure control
E - Erythropoeitin production
D - Vitamin D synthesis
What is Acid base balance
Regulation of blood pH by excreting hydrogen ions and conserving bicarbonate ions
What is water balance
Maintains blood osmolarity by loss of water and loss of solutes in urine
What is electrolyte balance
regulation of blood ionic composition including
sodium ions (Na+),
potassium ions (K+),
calcium ions (Ca2+),
chloride ions (Cl-) and
phosphate ions (HPO42-).
What is toxin removal
excrete waste and foreign substance in urine
What is blood pressure control
excreting the enzyme RENIN.
What is erythropoesis
Stimulate the production of red blood cells through the secretion of erythropoietin
What is vitamin D metabolism
Vitamin D can be synthesizedin the skin upon exposure to sunlight and is then metabolized in the liver and kidney
Formation of urine
Urine passes through the ureters to the urinary bladder for storage prior to excretion from the body via the urethra
What is Glomerular filtration
Filtration takes place through the semi-permeable walls of the glomerulus.Water and a large number of small molecules pass through some are reabsorbed larger molcules remain in the capillaries.one pressure is pushing the fluid across, the other two are pushing against it.GBHP exerts a pushing pressure of about 55 mmHg.
What is capsular hydrostatic pressure
is the hydrostatic pressure exerted against the filtration membrane by fluid already in the capsular space and renal tubule. CHP exerts a “back pressure” of about 15 mmHg
What is Blood colloid osmotic pressure
is due to the presence of proteins in blood plasma exerts a “back pressure” of about 30 mmHg
What is net filtration pressure
Is GBHP - CHP - BCOP = NFP
What is Glomerular Filtration rate
is the volume of filtrate formed by both kidneys each minute.In a healthy adult the GFR is about 125 ml/min.180 L of dilute filtrate are formed each day (by both kidneys between them)
Most filtrate is reabsorbed with only 1-1.5 L excreted as urine
Why does reaborption happen
Reabsorption allows these things to be eliminated from the body.Without reabsorption we would dehydrate rapidly.
Where does the filtrate go
into the pertibular capillaries happens by active and passive transport
What is diuretics
cause the kidneys to produced more urine and anti diuretics decreases the production of urine
What is Diuresis
Increased or excessive production
What does ADH do
released by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland and increase the permeability of the tubules and collecting tubules increasing water re absorption
What is renin,angiotensin and aldosterone cycle
Reinin - low blood pressure or low blood volume, and enzyme called renin is released into the blood by juxtaglomerular cells located in the kidney.
in the presence of renin liver release Angiotensinogen react together form angiotensin.lungs make angiotensin converting enzyme known as ACE -converts angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2 makes its way to the adrenal glands (which sit on top of the kidney), and the adrenal cortex releases aldosterone
What is Aldosterone
hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex -vIncreases the reabsorption of sodium and water and excretion of potassium
What is Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
dilates the afferent arteriole leads to increase blood flow - increase excretion of water and sodium
What is parathyroid hormone
secreted from parathyroid glands - regulates the reabsorption of calcium from the distal collected tubules
What is the ureters
carry urine from the kidneys to urinary bladder about 25-30 cm long diameter of 3 mm pass downward through the abdominal cavity into the pelvic cavity
The walls of the ureter
An outer layer of fibrous tissue
A muscular layer of smooth muscle fibres
An inner layer of mucosa consits of transitional epithelium.
Peristalsis of the smooth muscle propels urine along the ureter, occurring several times per minute
The urinary bladder
Hollow, distensible muscular organ situated in the pelvic cavity, posterior to the pubic symphysis
males - anterior to the rectum
females - anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus
capacity averages 700-800 ml
Three openings in the bladder wall form a triangle called trigone. The upper two openings on the posterior wall are of the ureters. The lower opening is of the urethra
The urethra
Two layers - inner mucosa layer and outer muscle layer
inner layer -continuous with that of the bladder and is made up of smooth muscle fibres which are under involuntary control
outer layer -made up of striated muscle fibre which is under voluntary control
how long is the urethra
It is about 20 cm
