Intergumentary System

Question 1

What are the key parts of the Integumentary system?

Answer 1

Skin
Nail
Hair
Sweat glands
Oil glands

Question 2

What is the skin

Answer 2

10 - 16% of total body mass thickness ranges 0.5 to 1-2mm

Question 3

What are the layers of the skin

Answer 3

Epidermis - outside
Dermis - skin
Cutaneous - fatty layer

Question 4

What are the five layers of the epidermis

Answer 4

Stratum Basale
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Lucindum
Startum Corneum

Question 5

What is Stratum Basale

Answer 5

Consist of single row of keratinocytes are stem cells and keratin is a protein it is therefore essential for healing and form more protein sites leads to more keratin. Manufacturing layer and holds everything together

Question 6

What is stem cells

Answer 6

are the bodies master cells with the ability to grow into any one of the body

Question 7

What is Tonofilaments and Desmosomes

Answer 7

Tonofilaments gives the cells its structure but also attach to Desmosomes is a structure where two adjacent cells are attached formed by protein plaques

Question 8

What is the Stratum Spinosum

Answer 8

Stratum Spinosum is made up of 8-10 layers of keratinocytes but also include langerhan cells and Melanocytes

Question 9

What is the Stratum Granulosum

Answer 9

Stratum Granulosum is made up of 3-5 layers of flattened kerotinocytes .This is the layer where keratin is produced.
This is where scheduled cell death takes place. This is called apoptosis,The Chief function is waterproofing

Question 10

What is Stratum Lucindum

Answer 10

Stratum Lucindum is 3-5 layers of dead, flattened keratin presents on soles of feet and palms of hands it consist of thickened plasma membranes and is responsible for supporting the skin in stretching
Contains proteins responsible for apoptosis

Question 11

What is Stratum Corneum

Answer 11

Stratum Corneum is about 25-35 layers thick is made up of dead keratinocytes.it protects inner layers from mechanical damage and friction and acts a waterproof barrier

Question 11

What is the dermis

Answer 11

Is composed of two layers which are Papillary Layer
Reticular Layer

Question 12

What is the papillary layer

Answer 12

is nipple like projections which helps increase surface area and allows the epidermis to lock with the dermis.It has a capillary vessels which deliver oxygen and take deoxygenated blood away has free ending nerve

Question 13

What is the reticular layer

Answer 13

It is made up of dense connective tissues that contribute to the skin’s elasticity. Has two main fibers collagen and elastic

Question 14

What is collagen fibers

Answer 14

is a hard insoluble protein which is also fibrous is very strong it supports the structures and holds them together it binds with water

Question 15

What is sebaceous gland

Answer 15

they secret sebum which is an oily substance that protect the skin form drying out

Question 16

What is sweat glands

Answer 16

is part of the body elimination process and thermoregulation

Question 17

What is the subcutaneous layer

Answer 17

is primarily where fat is stored and where we insulate ourselves has blood vessels

Question 18

What are the functions of the skin

Answer 18

protection, Immunity, thermoregulation,sensitivity,sever as a blood supply,Excretion and endocrine

Question 19

What is protection - Melanin

Answer 19

about 8% are melanocytes that are in the stratum spinosum. Melanin protects from sunlight but also from any types of radiation share with keratinocytes

Question 20

What is golgi apparatus

Answer 20

is responsible for transporting,modifying and packaging proteins and lipids into vesicle

Question 21

How is stratum corneum link to protection

Answer 21

is a physical barrier that protects against pathogen

Question 22

What is immunity

Answer 22

are a type of white blood cell made in the bone marrow that migrates to the skin. Langerhans cells detected pathogens that enter what are they are going to do

Question 23

What is thermoregualtion

Answer 23

The subcutaneous layer is a fatty layer provides insulation layer against the cold

Question 24

Vasocontrction and vasodilation

Answer 24

oxygenated blood enters the arteries muscles around vessels constrict to keep the heat in this is the opposite to when it is warm

Question 25

What happens when you get goosebumps

Answer 25

when it is called outside the hair the piloerection muscles contract and pulls the hair up to trap warm air

Question 26

what is sweating with thermoregulation

Answer 26

as soon as the body's internal temperature rises sweat glands produce sweat and uses energy to evaporate sweat but you lose water in order to cool down

Question 27

What is skin sensitivity

Answer 27

not able to detect injuries or sensations due damage nerve endings which leaves to poor circulation

Question 28

what does glabrous mean

Answer 28

means having no surface has hairs smooth skin

Question 29

What does non - glabrous mean

Answer 29

means being hairy

Question 30

what are the types of receptors

Answer 30

Meissners corpuscle Pacinian corpuscle Merkels disc Ruffinis corpuscle

Question 31

What is Meissners corpuscle

Answer 31

detect light touch and dynamic pressure

Question 32

what is Pacinian corpuscle

Answer 32

detect gross pressure changes normally found in the deeper of the skin

Question 33

what is Merkels disc

Answer 33

detect touch and static pressure found in the fingertips

Question 34

what is Ruffinis corpuscle

Answer 34

this is responsible for perception of temperature

Question 35

how does the skin serve as a blood reservoir

Answer 35

contains a network of blood vessels which hold 8-10%.when the skin is significantly burned as it fills with fluid directly into the skin forming blisters.

Question 36

what is excretion and absorption in the skin

Answer 36

Approximately 400ml of water evaporates daily through the skin Salt, CO2, ammonia and urea are excreted in our sweat. Absorption: lipid soluble substances can penetrate skin

Question 37

Vitamin D directly to the skin

Answer 37

Our body creates vitamin D from Direct sunlight on the skin Vitamin D allows your body to absorb calcium

Question 38

Vitamin D process

Answer 38

the epidermal layer synthesis pre-vitamin D the UV rays shine onto the skin and convert into pre-vitamin D3 supporting the skin travels to the liver converts it in to calcidiol goes into the kidneys which converts it into calcitriol absorbed into the body

Question 39

How does the parathyroid link to calcium and vitamin d

Answer 39

when vitamin D is low the absorption of calcium levels is also low in the intestine which causes the levels of calcium low in the blood. the parathyroid release of parathyroid hormone increases the calcium

Question 40

what is osteomalacia

Answer 40

is the softening of bone this is due to the lack of calcium

Question 41

what are the three things that give our skin colour

Answer 41

Haemoglobin - red blood cells Melanin Carotine

Question 42

What is carotine

Answer 42

Beta-carotene is a compound that gives vivid yellow, orange, and red coloring to vegetables. The body converts beta-carotene into vitamin A (retinol), which plays a critical role in cell growth and in maintaining healthy organs such as the heart, lungs, and kidneys.