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Science For Paramedics > Pharmocology > Flashcards

Pharmocology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is pharmacology

A

is the study of drugs and their effects on the living system it is the science behind of what happens to the body and the drug itself.Drugs alter the chemistry within our body by exerting biochemical or physiological effect in cells,tissues organs and organism

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2
Q

What are drugs sources

A

Plants,minerals,Hormones ,man made chemicals and genetically engineered substances

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3
Q

Drugs law What is the medicines act 1968

A

Provides a framework for the licensing of medicines and clarifies the classes and schedules of medicinal products available in the UK.

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4
Q

Drug laws What is the misuse of drugs act 1971

A

This prevents the misuse of controlled drugs by imposing a ban on possession, supply, manufacture of controlled drugs

Drugs are divided into classes – A, B and C based on their relative harm

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5
Q

Drug laws What is the Psychoactive substances act 2016

A

This intends to restrict the production, sale and supply of psychoactive substances often referred to as “legal highs”

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6
Q

what is the order of speed of drug administration

A

Intravenous/intraosseous
Inhaled/nebulised
Sublingual
Buccal
Intramuscular
Rectal
Sub-cutaneous
Oral

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7
Q

What are the four types of drug administration route

A

Enternal drugs - taken through GI tract i.e rectum and oral

Parental - injected into the body

Inhaled - respiratory system

Topical - applied to skin or mucous membrane

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8
Q

What are the two branches of pharmacology

A

Pharmacodynamics
Pharmocokinetics

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9
Q

What is pharmocodynamics

A

What the drug does to the body the mechanism of drug actions and adverse effects at biochemical level,studys the dose and response

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10
Q

What are the mechanism of action in pharmacodynamic

A

Drugs bind to a specific receptors this then alters the cell physiology and produces an effect.This drug mimics the endogenous effect.

An agonist - drug binds to receptors creates a response

An antagonist - Binds to receptors blocks a response

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11
Q

What is stimulation

A

Increase the activity of specific organs or systems adrenaline for example increase heart rate.

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12
Q

What is depression

A

decrease activity specific organs or systems alcohol for example depresses the cns in the brain

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13
Q

What is irritation

A

Topical creams increase local circulation in deeper structures to act as pain relief or they can block impulses in the nervous system (local anaesthetics)

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14
Q

What is replacement

A

When the body has a deficiency of an endogenous substance it is replaced. Such as insulin for diabetes mellitus

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15
Q

What is cytoxic

A

Some selective drugs are toxic for the infecting organism or certain cells – antibiotics or anticancer drugs

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16
Q

What is Pharmacokentics

A

how drugs enter the body,reach their site of action and are eliminated

17
Q

What are the processes of pharmacokentics

A

Liberation
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion

18
Q

What is Liberation

A

only applies to oral medication is the process by which the drug is released during digestion from the tablet or capsule

All drugs when released from the ‘delivery device’ are transported to the liver so the active ingredient (i.e. the drug) can be metabolized

19
Q

What is absorption

A

This is the process of how a drug moves from the site of administration to systemic circulation

Oral is the slowest which needs to be activated by the lover before it reaches systemic circulation

Aspirin is an acidic tablet so is better absorbed via the stomach which is an acidic environment. Rectal diazepam is alkaline so is better absorbed via intestines

20
Q

Absorption

A

Lipid water solubility
Areas of absorbing surface
concentration of the drug

21
Q

What is lipid water solubility

A

Drugs that are lipid soluble are better absorbed than water soluble… this is due to the hydrophilic heads found in the phospholipid bilayer of cells which naturally absorb water

22
Q

What is area of absorbing surface

A

The inner layer of the small intestines are covered in villi – expanding this means the surface area is perfect for absorption to occur. Other areas of the body don’t have this type of surface area

23
Q

What is concentration of the drug

A

If a drug is more concentrated, it will be harder for the drug to enter through the membranes of the blood vessel walls

24
Q

What is particle size

A

The smaller the particle size, faster the absorption. Important to be aware of some drugs whose particles are so small they can cross certain barriers in the body such as the blood brain barrier or the barrier of the placenta

25
Q

What is the physical state

A

Liquid form of the drug is more easily absorbed than a solid form

26
Q

What is bio-availability

A

This generally refers to all drug routes except intravenous.When a drug is administered via the IV route, its bioavailability is 100% - this means that the drug amount in circulation is 100% of what was given.

27
Q

What is the first pass effect

A

oral drug is taken to the liver via the hepatic portal vein to be metabolised and then the drug itself is sent to circulation. Not all the active ingredient is available following this process though – some is lost when the drug is metabolised.

28
Q

what is distribution

A

process of how a drug is ‘distributed’ around the body in systemic circulation to where it is needed.Drugs that are administered IV go straight to this stage as they are not absorbed.There are several factors that can affect distribution

29
Q

Binding of drugs to plasma proteins

A

Drug particles bind to plasma proteins within the blood (such as albumin and globulin). The less bound a drug is, the more efficiently it can then traverse or diffuse though cell membranes

30
Q

What is metabolism

A

Once the drug is absorbed and distributed, the body needs to eliminate it
To do this, the drug enters the liver and is broken down to make it easier to be removed

31
Q

What is biotransformation

A

chemically altering something. Lipid soluble drugs are harder to eliminate so they undergo biotransformation allowing them to be urinated out

32
Q

What is excretion

A

Once the drug has undergone biotransformation, the body can excrete it
Drugs can be removed in urine, inhaled out, bile, faeces, saliva, sweat, as well as breast milk

33
Q

what is half - life

A

This is the amount of time required for elimination processes to reduce drug serum concentration by half this is known as first order elimination

34
Q

What is zero order elimination

A

this is when a drug’s concentration depletes by a fixed amount over a certain period

These are more dangerous because the drug will accumulate in the body for much longer than if it were a first order drug. A perfect example of this type of elimination order is alcohol

Science For Paramedics (13 decks)

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