Pharmocology

Question 1

What is pharmacology

Answer 1

is the study of drugs and their effects on the living system it is the science behind of what happens to the body and the drug itself.Drugs alter the chemistry within our body by exerting biochemical or physiological effect in cells,tissues organs and organism

Question 2

What are drugs sources

Answer 2

Plants,minerals,Hormones ,man made chemicals and genetically engineered substances

Question 3

Drugs law What is the medicines act 1968

Answer 3

Provides a framework for the licensing of medicines and clarifies the classes and schedules of medicinal products available in the UK.

Question 4

Drug laws What is the misuse of drugs act 1971

Answer 4

This prevents the misuse of controlled drugs by imposing a ban on possession, supply, manufacture of controlled drugs

Drugs are divided into classes – A, B and C based on their relative harm

Question 5

Drug laws What is the Psychoactive substances act 2016

Answer 5

This intends to restrict the production, sale and supply of psychoactive substances often referred to as “legal highs”

Question 6

what is the order of speed of drug administration

Answer 6

Intravenous/intraosseous
Inhaled/nebulised
Sublingual
Buccal
Intramuscular
Rectal
Sub-cutaneous
Oral

Question 7

What are the four types of drug administration route

Answer 7

Enternal drugs - taken through GI tract i.e rectum and oral

Parental - injected into the body

Inhaled - respiratory system

Topical - applied to skin or mucous membrane

Question 8

What are the two branches of pharmacology

Answer 8

Pharmacodynamics
Pharmocokinetics

Question 9

What is pharmocodynamics

Answer 9

What the drug does to the body the mechanism of drug actions and adverse effects at biochemical level,studys the dose and response

Question 10

What are the mechanism of action in pharmacodynamic

Answer 10

Drugs bind to a specific receptors this then alters the cell physiology and produces an effect.This drug mimics the endogenous effect.

An agonist - drug binds to receptors creates a response

An antagonist - Binds to receptors blocks a response

Question 11

What is stimulation

Answer 11

Increase the activity of specific organs or systems adrenaline for example increase heart rate.

Question 12

What is depression

Answer 12

decrease activity specific organs or systems alcohol for example depresses the cns in the brain

Question 13

What is irritation

Answer 13

Topical creams increase local circulation in deeper structures to act as pain relief or they can block impulses in the nervous system (local anaesthetics)

Question 14

What is replacement

Answer 14

When the body has a deficiency of an endogenous substance it is replaced. Such as insulin for diabetes mellitus

Question 15

What is cytoxic

Answer 15

Some selective drugs are toxic for the infecting organism or certain cells – antibiotics or anticancer drugs

Question 16

What is Pharmacokentics

Answer 16

how drugs enter the body,reach their site of action and are eliminated

Question 17

What are the processes of pharmacokentics

Answer 17

Liberation
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion

Question 18

What is Liberation

Answer 18

only applies to oral medication is the process by which the drug is released during digestion from the tablet or capsule

All drugs when released from the ‘delivery device’ are transported to the liver so the active ingredient (i.e. the drug) can be metabolized

Question 19

What is absorption

Answer 19

This is the process of how a drug moves from the site of administration to systemic circulation

Oral is the slowest which needs to be activated by the lover before it reaches systemic circulation

Aspirin is an acidic tablet so is better absorbed via the stomach which is an acidic environment. Rectal diazepam is alkaline so is better absorbed via intestines

Question 20

Absorption

Answer 20

Lipid water solubility
Areas of absorbing surface
concentration of the drug

Question 21

What is lipid water solubility

Answer 21

Drugs that are lipid soluble are better absorbed than water soluble… this is due to the hydrophilic heads found in the phospholipid bilayer of cells which naturally absorb water

Question 22

What is area of absorbing surface

Answer 22

The inner layer of the small intestines are covered in villi – expanding this means the surface area is perfect for absorption to occur. Other areas of the body don’t have this type of surface area

Question 23

What is concentration of the drug

Answer 23

If a drug is more concentrated, it will be harder for the drug to enter through the membranes of the blood vessel walls

Question 24

What is particle size

Answer 24

The smaller the particle size, faster the absorption. Important to be aware of some drugs whose particles are so small they can cross certain barriers in the body such as the blood brain barrier or the barrier of the placenta

Question 25

What is the physical state

Answer 25

Liquid form of the drug is more easily absorbed than a solid form

Question 26

What is bio-availability

Answer 26

This generally refers to all drug routes except intravenous.When a drug is administered via the IV route, its bioavailability is 100% - this means that the drug amount in circulation is 100% of what was given.

Question 27

What is the first pass effect

Answer 27

oral drug is taken to the liver via the hepatic portal vein to be metabolised and then the drug itself is sent to circulation. Not all the active ingredient is available following this process though – some is lost when the drug is metabolised.

Question 28

what is distribution

Answer 28

process of how a drug is ‘distributed’ around the body in systemic circulation to where it is needed.Drugs that are administered IV go straight to this stage as they are not absorbed.There are several factors that can affect distribution

Question 29

Binding of drugs to plasma proteins

Answer 29

Drug particles bind to plasma proteins within the blood (such as albumin and globulin). The less bound a drug is, the more efficiently it can then traverse or diffuse though cell membranes

Question 30

What is metabolism

Answer 30

Once the drug is absorbed and distributed, the body needs to eliminate it To do this, the drug enters the liver and is broken down to make it easier to be removed

Question 31

What is biotransformation

Answer 31

chemically altering something. Lipid soluble drugs are harder to eliminate so they undergo biotransformation allowing them to be urinated out

Question 32

What is excretion

Answer 32

Once the drug has undergone biotransformation, the body can excrete it Drugs can be removed in urine, inhaled out, bile, faeces, saliva, sweat, as well as breast milk

Question 33

what is half - life

Answer 33

This is the amount of time required for elimination processes to reduce drug serum concentration by half this is known as first order elimination

Question 34

What is zero order elimination

Answer 34

this is when a drug’s concentration depletes by a fixed amount over a certain period These are more dangerous because the drug will accumulate in the body for much longer than if it were a first order drug. A perfect example of this type of elimination order is alcohol