Skeletal System Flashcards
What are the parts of the axial skeleton?
Skull
Auditory ossicles
Hyoid
Vertebral column
Thorax
- sternum, ribs
What are the parts of the appendicular skeleton?
Pectoral (shoulder) girdle
Bones of the upper limbs
Pelvic (hip) girdle
Bones of lower limbs
What is included in the gross anatomy of a long bone?
Diaphysis (shaft) di·aff-a·sis
Proximal epiphysis
Distal epiphysis
Compact bone tissue
Spongy bone tissue
-trabeculae truh·beh·kyuh·lay
Marrow (medullary) cavity
Articular surfaces
Points of ligament and tendon attachment (surface features)
Epiphyseal line eh·puh·fi·zee·uhl
Nutrient foramina faw·ruh·mee·nuh
Functions of the skeletal system
Support- supports soft tissue, place to attach muscles
Protection- skull, vertebraes, ribs, sternum, hip bones
Assist in movement- movement requires contracting muscles and points of attachment to bone: bones act as levers to facilitate movement
Mineral and storage release- calcium and phosphate available on demand
Blood cell production- called hemopoiesis , in red marrow (for hip, sternum, and of long bones)
Storage of energy- lipids are stored in yellow bone marrow
Repair and remodel- bone tissue is constantly being broken down and rebuilt
Function of the vertebral column
Providing vertical support of the body
Supporting the weight of the head
Helping to maintain upright body position
Helping to transfer axial skeleton weight to the appendicular skeleton of lower limbs
Housing and protecting the delicate spinal cord
Providing a passage way for spinal nerves that connect to the spinal cord
What are the regions of the vertebral column? How many bones are in each region?
Cervical- 7
Thoracic vertebrae -12
Lumbar vertebrae -5
The sacrum -5
Coccyx-4
What is the vertebral centrum?
A region of the vertebrae that is rounded or cylindrical, which is the weight bearing structure of almost all vertebrae
What makes up the vertebral arch. What is another name for the vertebral arch?
Lamina
Pedicle
The neutral arch
What kind of cartilage makes up intervertebral discs?
Name the parts of the intervertebral disc.
What is the function of the intervertebral disc?
Fibro cartilage
Discs are composed of an outer ring of fibro cartilage called anulus fibrosus and an inner circular region called nucleus pulposus.
Act as shock absorbers between vertebrae, allows for vertebral column to bend.
What is another name for the C1 vertebrae? What is its function?
How does a differ from other cervical vertebrae?
Atlas
The Atlas has has depressed, oval superior articular facets that articulates with the occipital condyles of the occipital bone, called. The atlanto- occiptal joint. Allows us to nod our heads, Yes.
The Atlas lacks a body and spinous process. Instead, the atlas has lateral masses that are connected to semi-circular anterior and posterior arches, each containing a slight protuberance, the anterior and posterior tubercles.
What is another name for the C2 vertebrae?
What is the odontoid process?
Axis.
Also called the dens, a superior projecting bony element from the second cervical vertebrae (C2, or the axis). The first cervical vertebrae (atlas) rotates around the odontoid process to provide the largest single component of lateral rotation of the cervical spine.
What is another name for the c7 vertebrae?
What is distinct about c7?
Vertebra prominens.
It is typically not bifurcated, and is much larger and longer than the spinous processes of other cervical vertebrae.
C7 is easily seen through the skin, a slight protrusion between the shoulder blades and inferior to the neck.
What are some characteristics of thoracic vertebrae?
Heart-shaped body that is larger and more massive than the body of cervical vertebrae. Spinous process is relatively pointed and long, it angles sharply in an inferior direction.
Distinguished from all other vertebrae by presence of costal facets or costal demi facets.
What is a costal facet or costal demi facet?
A circular depression that articulates with the entire head or tubercle of the rib.
Demi facet is a semi-circular depression that articulates with either the superior or inferior edge of the head of a rib.
What is the trabeculae?
Located in spongy bone
Lattice work formed by struts.
tra·bec·u·la
“each of a series or group of partitions formed by bands or columns of connective tissue, especially a plate of the calcareous tissue forming cancellous bone”
