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Anatomy > Integumentary System > Flashcards

Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of skin?

A

Protection
Physical
Immune
UV radiation
Desiccation
Thermal regulation
-blood cells
-hair
-eccrine glands
Sensation
- receptors
-hair
Secretion
-sweat gland(s)
-sebaceous glands
Vitamin D synthesis
-stimulated by UV light
Immunity
-langerhans cells
Excretion
- water, salts, other chemicals

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2
Q

What are the two layers of the skin?

A

Epidermis
-ET outer, thinner layer
Dermis
-CT inner, thicker layer

Under dermis is subcutaneous layer (superficial fascia, hypodermis) : areolar and adipose tissue.

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3
Q

Define the integumentary system

A

A group of organs that function together to perform certain functions

Unusual in that there is only one organ on the skin, cutaneous membrane.

This system also includes accessory structures: nail, hair, exit ring, glands: sweat, subcutaneous, mammary

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4
Q

Thick vs thin skin

A

Thin skin has hair, found everywhere but palms and soles

Thick skin is found in palms and soles, no hair more. Pronounced dermal papillae.

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5
Q

Define epidermis

A

Composed of stratified squamous epithelium, keratinized: four kinds of cells, five layers.

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6
Q

What are the 5 cell layers and 4 cell types of the epidermis?

A

Layers:
Stratum basale
Stratum spinosum (spin-o-sum)
Stratum granulosum (gran-oo-law-sum)
Stratum lucidum (luc-e-dum)
Stratum corneum (corn-e-um)

Cells:
Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Langerhans
Merkel cell

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7
Q

What is the stratum basale

A

The deepest layer of the epidermis
Mitotic, stem cells, give rise to keratinocytes which migrate upwards, other cells from this layer migrate downwards to form glands and hair follicles

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8
Q

What is the stratum spinosum?

A

Second deepest layer in epidermis
Cells have many spine like desmosomes, melanocytes scattered here

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9
Q

What is the stratum granulosum

A

Middle layer of epidermis
Produce keratin precursor, nuclei break down this layer, cells start to die

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10
Q

What is the stratum lucidum?

A

Second layer from the top of the epidermis
Found in thick hairless skin, three to five layers of dead cells, contains keratin intermediate

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11
Q

What is the stratum corneum

A

Top layer of epidermis
25 to 30 layers of flat, dead cells: completely filled with keratin
These cells are continuously shared and replaced, from the protective barrier- waterproof, smells together

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12
Q

What are keratinocytes?

A

Produce keratin, waterproof and protect skin from heat, chemicals, microbes

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13
Q

What are melanocytes?

A

Produce melanin, transfer to keratinocytes: melanin protects from UV

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14
Q

What are langerhans?

A

Dentritic cells
Interact with helper t cells, phagocytes, perform immune function

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15
Q

What are Merkel cells?

A

Tactile cell
Makes contact with sensory nerve endings, function in touch sensation

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16
Q

What is keratinization?

A

Process of forming stratum cornum: cells originate in basil layer. Move up and out, acquire keratin, lose organelles, die, are shed. Takes 2 to 4 weeks

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17
Q

What are friction ridges?

A

Fingerprints
Overlie dermal ridges, found in thick skin, increase friction: gripping

18
Q

Note about epithelial layers

A

Epithelial layers are highly mitotic therefore subject to copy errors, can lead to cancer
Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma

19
Q

Define dermis

A

Dermis means skin
Epidermis is above, hypodermis is below

Composed of connective tissue, two layers, varies and thickness contains blood vessels, nerves, glands, hair follicles

20
Q

What are the cells found in the dermis?

A

Fibroblast
Adipocytes
Areolar
Defense cells

21
Q

What are the layers of the dermis?

A

Papillary region

Reticular region

Subcutaneous layer

Note skin has all four tissues but ET and CT, predominate

22
Q

What is the papillary region of the dermis?

A

Areolar connective tissue
Has dermal papilla- projections that extend into epidermis, anchor the two layers together.
Dermal papillae contain capillaries, meissner’ s corpuscles (tactile receptors), free nerve endings (pain)

23
Q

What is the reticular region?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue (white fiber is connective tissue) lots of collagen fibers (strength) Plus some elastic fibers (allow skin to stretch).
Space between fibers have sweat glands and ducks, hair follicles subcutaneous glands, nerves, adipose cells
Sensory structures: pacinian corpuscles (deep pressure receptor) Ruffini corpuscles (pressure receptor)
This region provides skin with strength, elasticity
Fibers are like gauze: part of animal you make leather out of

24
Q

What is the subcutaneous layer?

A

Superficial fascia, hypodermis

Attaches reticular layer to underlying bone, muscle, contains blood vessels, fat layer and expands and weight gain: site of injection via hypodermic needles

25
Q

What are sensory receptors?

A

Combination of epithelial and nerve cells
Specialized due to text sensory stimuli
There are many kinds, found in many places in the body

Special senses- vision, hearing and equilibrium, taste smell

Cutaneous senses (some of these are found elsewhere. Also- detect pressure, pain). Tactile- touch, pressure, itch, tickle, vibration. Temperature pain.

26
Q

What are Merkel cells?

A

Tactile receptors, detect light touch in STRATUM basale

27
Q

What are meissner’ corpuscle?

A

Tactile receptors, detect light touch in dermal papillae

28
Q

what are Pacinian corpuscle

A

Deep pressure receptors, in reticular region of dermis and in hypodermis

29
Q

What are ruffini’s organs

A

Pressure receptors in dermis

30
Q

What are free nerve endings?

A

Detect pain and heat

31
Q

Function of root hair plexuses

A

Activated when skin hair gets bent, EG by an insect

32
Q

Function of skin color

A

Due to melanin, synthesized in melanocytes, taken up by epidermal cells by phagocytosis melanin protects from damage to to UV, absorbs it before it can damage DNA.
Carotene is another pigment found in skin, formed by keratinocytes, yellow, more in Asian skin
White skin has little pigment, blood color shows through

33
Q

What are the epidermal derivatives

A

Hair
Glands
Nails

34
Q

What is the function of hair

A

Primary function is protection- from UV on head, when Ben, detects things on skin EG insects

Composed of columns of dead, cartoonized cells, welded together

35
Q

Function of a hair follicle

A

Surrounds root of hair
Outer layer is downward continuation of epithelial layer
Papilla and hair contains aerial or CT, blood vessels- feeds hair
Matrix= germinal layer, produces new hair and hair growth

36
Q

What is the Arrector Pili muscle?

A

Smooth muscle, causes hairs to stand erect, goosebumps

37
Q

What are sebaceous

A

Oil glands, mostly associated with hair follicles, absent in palms and souls
Simple, branched acinar glands
Secrete sebum - oily mix of fats, cholesterols, protein, salts
Function- protects hair and skin from drying, brittleness

38
Q

What are sweat glands?

A

Sudoriferous

Merocrine (eccrine) - simple coiled tubular, distributed throughout skin excretory ductat pore of skin, fluid is then, watery dash sweat

39
Q

What is the apocrine gland

A

Simple branched tubular, limited to axilla, pubic area, pigmented nipple area
More viscous fluid, contains fatty substances and proteins, secretion begins at puberty
Bacterial breakdown of fat and protein components on skin gives rise to body odor ducts open into hair follicles

40
Q

What are the modified sweat glands

A

Memory- glands which produce milk
Ceruminous- simple coiled tubular, present in ear, produce earwax

41
Q

Function of the nails?

A

Consist of hard, characterize cells that help grasp and manipulate small objects

Anatomy (11 decks)

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