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Anatomy > Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What is connective tissue developed from?

A

Mesenchyme
Embryonic tissue

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2
Q

What are the three components of CT have in common?

A

Cells, fibers, ground substance

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3
Q

What are the functions of connective tissue?

A

General
Connect – bind strengthened, compartmentalize, connects capital AVLN (arteries, vein, lymphatic vessel, nerve)

Specialized
Protection- from mechanical injury (phone, cartilage ) and microbes (white blood cell)
Storage-of energy reserve (adipose)
Insulation- adipose
Transport of substances (blood)

Connect, protect, store, warm, transport

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4
Q

What are the three types of ground substance?

A

Fluid- plasma portion of blood

Gelatinous- allows flexibility, cell movement and transport of substances
- protoglycans
-glycoproteins

Solid – calcified ground substance: gelatinous fluid + phosphate salts= bone

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5
Q

What are the components of gelatinous ground substance?

A

ECF (extracellular fluid)
Proteoglycans- proteins attached to polysaccharides called glucosaminoglycans (GAG)
Hold lots of water in ground substance. Make it a flexible gel able to withstand outside force and provide cushion.

Glycoproteins (just below ET, part of basement layer)
Adhesion proteins, CT “ glue” (e.g.mucin, fibroenectin)
Anchor cells in position, attach cells to matrix elements provide traction for some movement.

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6
Q

What are proteoglycans?

A

They are complexes of gag (glycosaminoglycans) attached two proteins which form protein-polysaccharides called Proteoglycans.

They hold lots of water in gelatinous ground substance, make it flexible like a gel. Range from very fluid to semi-solid, cartilage.

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7
Q

What are glycoproteins?

A

Adhesion proteins, CT glue e.g. mucin, fiberonectin.
Anchor cells in position attach cells to matrix elements. Provide traction for cell movement (white blood cell)

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8
Q

What are the types of connective tissue fibers?

A

Collagen fibers
Elastic fibers
Reticular fibers

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9
Q

Describe collagen fibers

A

also called white fibers. It is the most common protein in the body
Structure is triple stranded helix rod, like yarn.
Collagen is the strongest of the fibers
Bundles of collagen give strength and flexibility.
Structural strength of connective tissues determined by amount of collagen. stronger than steal by weight
Wavy bundles

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10
Q

Describe elastic fibers

A

Formed by the protein elastin.
Provides strength and elasticity, stretchable
Allows things to stretch and return to original shape

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11
Q

Describe reticular fibers

A

Collagen with glycoprotein coat
Weakest of the fibers
Forms framework of softness organs:
Spleen, liver, lymph nodes, endocrine glands.
Also forms framework for attachment of immune cells forms fuzzy support nets around blood vessels

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12
Q

Collagen vs keratin

A

Collagen is internal.

Keratin is external, another structural protein. A family of fibrous proteins. Makes up outer skin, hair, nails, horns, hooves, feathers, scales, beaks, claws

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13
Q

What are the types of connective tissue cells?

A

Fibroblasts

Specific connective tissue cells

Defense cells

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14
Q

What are the specific connective tissue cells?

A

Adipocytes- fat cells, form adipose tissue

Chondrocytes- cells of cartilage

Osteocytes- cells of bones

Blood cells- leukocytes, erythocytes

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15
Q

What are the type of defense cells?

A

Macrophage

Plasma cells

Mast cells

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16
Q

Describe macrophage

A

These cells eat damaged body parts, debris from external sources- dust, pathogens- bacteria & virus.

Free: modified monocyte, wander through tissue

Fixed: attached to walls of certain blood vessels. Found in liver and spleen- where debris particles, pathogens dead red blood cells are removed.

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17
Q

Why does an inflammatory response happen?

A

To increase blood flow, get more white blood cells and nutrients to the scene

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18
Q

Describe plasma cells

A

Produce antibodies found in connective tissue
Developed from B Lymphocytes

Underlying surface or pathological material can gain entry to the body: skin, esophagus, vagina, anus

Cartwheel nucleus and Golgi shadow

19
Q

What are the types of mast cells

A

Heparin

Histamine

20
Q

What is Heparin?

A

Anticoagulant

21
Q

What is histamine?

A

Initiates inflammatory response
Released by basophils also, but mostly from mast cells.

Increased capillary permability
That’s a dilation of vascular smooth muscle
Vascular contraction of respiratory smooth muscle
Stimulates free nerve endings
Stimulates release of goblets home using
Strong inducer of gastric gland release

22
Q

What are the types of connective tissue?

A

Connective tissue proper

Supporting connective tissue

Fluid connective tissue

23
Q

What are the types of connective tissue proper?

A

Loose connective tissue

Dense connective tissue

24
Q

What are the types of loose connective tissue?

A

Areolar tissue
- 4 cell types (fibroblast, macrophage, mast, plasma)
-3 cyber types (collagen, elastic, reticular)

Adipose tissue

Reticular tissue

25
Q

Described areolar tissue

A

Least specialized CT proper
Contains fibroblasts, defense cells.
Depending on location, can cushion and protect organs, hold organs in place, attach epithelial tissue to surfaces, provide new trains to overlaying epithelial tissue.
Most covering or lining ET has areolar CT underneath
Forms papillary region of dermis and lamina propria. A major part of the subcutaneous layer.

26
Q

Describe adipose tissue

A

Cells are adipocytes
Mostly sell, not much matrix
Cells are mostly lipid- cytoplasm is pushed to one side
Form subcutaneous layer, can accumulate in areolar tissue
Shock absorber, insulator, fuel supply

27
Q

Describe reticular tissue
Where is it located

A

Resembles areolar except all fibers are reticular
Fibers form network, reticular cells lie in it.
Fibers are widely distributed
Don’t stay with h&e, can be stained black
Lymph nodes, spleen, liver, marrow

28
Q

What are the types of dense connective tissue?

A

Dense regular

Dense irregular

Elastic

29
Q

Describe dense regular connective tissue

A

Dominated by collagen fibers in bundles and fibroblasts

Fibers run parallel to direction of cold along single axis

Found in ligaments and tendons

Looks like pink wavy bundles

30
Q

Describe dense irregular connective tissue

A

Fibers are irregularly placed, can stand pull from any direction, very strong

Found in fibrous coverings of kidneys, testes, joint capsules

31
Q

Describe elastic connective tissue

A

Like irregular but lots of elastic fibers
Not very strong but very elastic

Founding walls of elastic arteries

32
Q

What is the tissue that connects organs called?

A

Fascia

33
Q

What are the tissues that cover organs and line body cavities called?

A

Membranes

34
Q

What are the types of fascia?

A

Superficial fascia (subcutaneous layer, hypodermis) loose CT

Deep fascia (dense CT, includes Oregon capsules, periosteum, ligaments, tendons)

Subserous facia (loose CT)

35
Q

Function of fascia

A

Connective tissue creates the internal framework of the body, connects organs and cavities to one another and to the body. Wall: connects muscle to one another, to skin

36
Q

What is a membrane?

A

A thin, flexible sheet of tissue: can be CT and ET or just CT. The term membrane also can refer to a molecular structure.

Plasma membranes made of phospholipid bilayer and basement membranes made of secreted proteins and reticular fibers

37
Q

What are the types of membranes?

A

Epithelial membrane

Synovial membrane

38
Q

What are the epithelial membranes?

A

Cutaneous membrane- another name for skin, stratified squamous, loose areolar and dense irregular CT: protection.

Mucous membrane- lines body cavities open to exterior. Epithelial tissue type varies with location. CT is areolar, called lamina propria.

Serous membrane- lines body cavities not open to exterior and covers organs in this cavity. Serous membrane includes- pericardium, pleura, peritoneum.
Epithelium is a simple squamous called mesothelium, CT is areolar. CT prevents friction.

39
Q

Define synovial membrane

A

Connective tissue only, areolar-lines joint cavities, secretes synovial fluid. Prevents friction

40
Q

Epithelial tissue vs epithelium

A

A layer of cells that form a covering vs lining

41
Q

Explain tissue repair

A

Confection or injuries stimulate and inflammatory response: mast cells
This relatively non-specific reaction occurs whenever and wherever tissue is injured.

There may also be an immune response which is a specific plasma cell: clean up and rebuilding are done by macrophages and fiberblast.

42
Q

How does tissue repair occur?

A

Regeneration- the same tissue is rebuilt

Fibrosis- area is filled with fiber is connective tissue equals scar tissue: mostly collagen strong but lacks flexibility and elasticity

43
Q

Give examples of good, moderate, poor, no repair or regenerative tissues

A

Good regeneration: epithelial, bone, areolar, dense irregular

Moderate: dense regular, smooth muscle

Poor: cartilage, skeletal muscle

Non: cardiac muscle, nervous tissue in brain and spinal cord

Anatomy (11 decks)

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