Skeletal System Flashcards
It is the internal framework of the body.
Skeletal System
It consists of bones, cartilages, and joints.
Skeletal System
Give the 5 Functions of the Bones:
- Support
- Protection
- Allow Movement
- Storage
- Blood Cell Production
It is a blood cell formation that occurs within the cavities of certain bones.
Hematopoiesis
What are the kinds of Bone Cells?
Osteblast, Osteocytes, Osteoclasts
It is a bone-building cells; produce colagen and secrete calcium and phosphate.
Osteoblast
It is the formation of new bone by osteoblasts.
Ossification
The Bone Matrix must have?
35% Organic: collagen & phosphate
65% Inorganic: Calcium Phosphate Crystals (HYDROXYAPATITE)
What happened to the bone if it has less collagen?
It makes the bone brittle.
What happened to the bone if it has less calcium?
The bone will become bendable.
It is a matured bone cells that covers the 90-95% of bone cells.
Osteocytes
What is the lofe span of an osteocytes?
25 years
It is a small canals for transport of nutrients and waste product.
Canaliculi
It is a thin sheets of extracellular matrix; the layers of compact bone.
Lamallae
It is a bone destroying cells; Bone reabsorption.
Osteoclasts
A bone stem cells that developed embryologically from Mesenchymal Cells; It is the first bone cell.
Osteoprogenitor Cells
A multipotent stem cells that can differentiate into a variety of cell types.
Mesenchymal Cells
The total bone of an adult skeleton.
206 bones
The 2 Types of Bones:
Spongy Bone and Compact Bone
It is a Cancellous Bone that consists of interconnecting rods or plates and found between the trabeculae.
Spongy Bone
It is a cortical bone and the solid, outer layer sorrounding each bone.
Compact Bone
It is the functional unit of a long bone.
Osteons
It is the interconnecting rods or plates of bone.
Trabeculae
A central canal where blood vessels enter.
Haversian Canal
It is a perforating canals that deliver blood to one central canal to another.
Volkmann Canal
Give the 5 kinds of shape does a Bone have:
- Long Bones
- Short Bones
- Flat Bones
- Irregular Bones
- Sesamoid Bone
It is the majority of Bones in the body.
Long Bones
Give an Example of a Long Bones.
Humerus & Femur
It is called the shaft of a long bones; the center portion of the bone.
Diaphysis
It is called the ends of long bones; Made if thin layer of conpact bone; covered with hyaline cartilage.
Epiphysis
It is alse called as a growth plate and located between epiphysis and the diaphysis.
Epiphysial Plates
When bone growth stops, the cartilage of each epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone and becomes _____?
Epiphyseal Line
The site of hematopoiesis or blodd formation; found in fetus.
Red Marrow
It is mostly adipose tissue and contains mesenchymal stem cells to produce cartilage.
Yellow Marrow
A connective tissue membrane covering the outer surface of a bone.
Periosteum
A peforating fibers are collagen fibers of tendons or ligaments that penetrate the periosteum for attachment.
Sharpey Fibers
It is the interior framework of spongy bone sandwiched between two layers of conpact bone.
Flat Bones
Give an example of a Flat Bones:
Sternum, scapula, pelvis, cranial bones.
These are compact bon surfaces sorrounding a spongy bone center with small spaces that are usually filled with marrow.
Short Bones
Give an example of Short Bones:
Tarsals & Carpals
It is similar to shortbones, not elongated abd no diaphysis.
Irregular Bones
Give an example of Irregular Bones:
Vertebra (spine), facial bones
Bones that embedded on tendons and protect tendons from stress and wear.
Sesamoid Bone
Give an example of a Sesamoid Bone:
Patella (knee cap), Hallucal sesamoid Bone (foot)
What are the 2 Patterna of Bone Formation?
Intramembranous ossification ; Endochondral Ossification
It starts at the 8th week of embryonic development and is completed by approx. 2 years; it is the mesenchymal cells.
Intramembranous Ossification
Begins at approx. 4th week of embryonic development, it starts at 8th week until as late as 18-20 years of age.
Endochrondal Ossification
Stages of Intramembranous Ossification:
- Osteoblast Formation
- Spongy Bone Formation
- Compact Bone Formation
Stages of Endochondral Ossification:
- Chondroblast produce a cartilage model.
- Bone collar is produced.
- A Primary ossification center forms.
- A Secondary ossification forms in epiphysis.
- The epiphyseal plate has become the epiphyseal line.
It is also called articulation, the sites where two or more bones meets.
Joints
Give the 3 Joint Classification (Structure):
- Synovial Joint
- Cartilaginous Joint
- Fibrous joint
It’s enclosed in an elastic joint capsule.
Synovial Joint
It is the lubricant secreted by the synovial membrane.
Synovial Fluid
The 5 types of Synovial Joint:
- Plane Joint
- Saddle Joint
- Hinge Joint
- Pivot Joint
- Ball & Socket Joint
A gliding joint, consists of two flat bone surfaces of about equal size. It’s movement is back and forth in limited rotation.
Plane Joint
Each articularsurfaces has both convex and concave areas. It’s movement is side to side and back and forth but cannot rotate.
Saddle Joint
A convex cylinder in one bone is applied to a concave bone, one angular movement in just one plane.
Hinge Joint
Rounded end of bones fits into a sleeve or ring of bone, it’s movement is to rotate only around its axis.
Pivot Joint
Spherical head of one bone fits into the round socket of another.
Ball & Socket Joint
It allows slight movement and holds bone firmly in place.
Cartilaginous Joint
2 Types of a Cartilaginous Joint:
Synchondroses & Symphyses
It is an immovable joints linked by hyaline cartilage ( sternum).
Synchondroses
It is a slightly movable joints linked by fibrocartilage.
Symphyses
It has no movement at all, joined by thick fibrous tissue.
Fibrous Joint
2 types of Fibrous Joints:
Syndesmosis & Gomphoses
It is slightly movable and joined by ligaments.
Syndesmosis
Specialized joints consisting of pegs that fit into sockets.
Gomphoses
It is a fibrous joints connecting the bones of the skull.
Sutures
These are the Joint Classification (Function):
- Synarthroses
- Ampiarthroses
- Diaryhroses
2 Types of Skeleton
Axial and Appendicular Skeleton
Axial Skeleton are consist of:
Skull, Vertebral column, Thoracic cage
In skull, it encloses and protect the brain.
Cranium
In skull, it forms the orbital cavities.
Facial Bones
Bones that found in the Carnium:
- Frontal Bone
- Parietal Bone
- Temporal Bone
- Occipital Bone
- Sphenoid Bone
- Ethmoid Bone
Bones that are found in the Facial Bones:
- Maxilla
- Mandible
- Nasal Bones
- Zygomatic Bones
- Lacrimal Bones
- Palatine Bones
- Vomer Bone
- Inferior Nasal Conchae
It is the only bone in the body that does not form a joint with any other bone.
Hyoid Bone
It supports the Skull and transfer weight of the body to the limbs.
Vertebral Column (spine)
How many bones that the Vertebral Column does have?
26 bones
It is a cushion of fibrocartilage for shock-absorbing effect within the spine and prevent the vertebrae from grinding together.
Intervertebral disc (IV Disc)
It is an abnormal increase in curve of a thoracic spine; humpback.
Kyphosis
It is an abnormal increase in forward curvature of lumbar spine; swayback.
Lordosis
Abnormal lateral and rotational curvature of the spine.
Scoliosis
Attached to vertebral column; provides support organs, such as heart and lungs.
Thoracic Cage
How many pairs of ribs does the thoracic cage have?
12 pairs
10 pairs attached to the sternum in front.
True Ribs
Inferior 2 pairs and no attachment in the front.
Floating Ribs
Appendicular skeleton are consist of:
Shoulder girdle, Upper extremity, Pelvic Girdle, Lower extremity.
Attaches upper extremity to axial skeleton; also known as pectoral girdle.
Shoulder Girdle
The Arm.
Upper extremity
Upper extremity is consist of:
Humerus, Ulna, Radius, Carpals, Metacarpals, and Phalanges
Also called as Coxae, innominate bones or hip bones, attaches the lower extremity to axial skeleton.
Pelvic Girdle
Pelvic girdle is consists of:
Ilium, Ischium, and Pubis
It is the leg.
Lower extremity
Lower Extremity is consist of:
Femur, patella, Tibia, Fibula, Tarsals, Metatarsals, and Phalanges
It is a break in continuity of bones.
Farcture
Stages of Bone Repair:
- Hematoma Formation
- Callus Formation
- Callus Ossification
- Bone Remodeling
Blood released form damaged blood vessels.
Hematoma Formation
A mass of bone tissue that forms at a fracture site.
Callus Formation
It encircles the break and connects the outer broken ends to the bone.
External callus
It forms between the ends inside the broken bone.
Internal Callus
A cancerous tumor or shaft of long bones; spreads through periosteum; amputation is necessary to prevent spread.
Ewing’s Sarcoma
It is also known as osteogenic sarcoma most common types of bone cancer.
Osteosarcoma
Softenin of the bones caused by calcium deficiency in adults.
Osteomalacia
Softening of bones in children with insufficient vutamin D in sunlight.
Rickets
Decrease in bone mass; results to thinning and weakening of bones.
Osteoporosis
Results in degeneration of bone and joints; bone rubs against bone.
Osteoarthritis
Autoimmune inflammation of joints with swelling, stiffness, pain, results in joint deformities.
Rheumatoid arthritis
Bones in joints are displaced from normal alignment; most common in shoulder.
Joint dislocation
