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Anaphy Class > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

It is the master control and communication system of the body.

A

Nervous System

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2
Q

These are rapid and specific and cause almost immediate response.

A

Electrical impulses

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3
Q

5 Functions of Nervous System:

A
  1. Maintain Hemeostasis
  2. Receive memory inputs
  3. Integrate Information
  4. Control Muscles and Glands
  5. Establish and Maintain Mental Activity
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4
Q

3 Nervous Systems Functions:

A
  1. Sensory Input
  2. Integration
  3. Motor Output
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5
Q

2 Types of Sensory Input:

A
  1. Sensory receptor
  2. Stimulus/Stimuli
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6
Q

Monitor changes in and out of the body.

A

Sensory Receptor

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7
Q

Changes detected by the receptor.

A

Stimulus/Stimuli

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8
Q

The process of interpreting the sensory input and deciding what should be done at each moment.

A

Integration

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9
Q

After integrating information, it will now cause a response for effect via an effector.

A

Motor Output

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10
Q

Two Major Division of Nervous System:

A
  1. Central Nervous System
  2. Peripheral Nervous System
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11
Q

Nerve Cells; electrically excitable cells of the nervous system.

A

Neurons

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12
Q

It is also called as neuroglia, it is a supporting cells.

A

Glial Cells

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13
Q

Structure of a Nerve:

A

Epineurium, Perineurium, Endonuerium

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14
Q

It covers the entire nerve.

A

Epineurium

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15
Q

It covers the fasicles.

A

Perineuriom

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16
Q

It covers the nerve fibers.

A

Endoneurium

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17
Q

It is a metabolic center of the cell.

A

Cell Body

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18
Q

Extensive rough ER; abundant protein Synthesis.

A

Nissl Bodies

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19
Q

Arm or finger-like fibers projecting at the ends of the neuron.

A

Processes

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20
Q

Neuron processes that convey incoming messages (electrical signal) toward the cell body.

A

Dendrites

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21
Q

Generate nerve impulses and typically conduct them away from the cell body.

A

Axons

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22
Q

Conelike region of the cell body where the axon arises.

A

Axon Hillock

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23
Q

Whitish fatty msterial covering the axons, which protect and insukate the fibers and increases the transmission rate of nerve impulses

A

Myelin Sheath

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24
Q

Glial cells that forms the the myelin sheat.

A

Schwann cells

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25
Q

Gaps or indentions between schwann cells.

A

Nodes of Ravier

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26
Q

Terminal end of an axon containing neurotransmitters.

A

Axon terminal

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27
Q

Disease that gradually destroys the myelin sheaths around the CNS fibers by converting them to hardened sheats.

A

Multiple Sceloris (MS)

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28
Q

3 Types of Neurons:

A
  1. Multipolar Neuron
  2. A bipolar Neuron
  3. Unipolar Meuron
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29
Q

Many dendrites and one axon.

A

Multipolar Neuron

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30
Q

Support for neurons in the PNS.

A

Glial Cells

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31
Q

2 Types of Glial cells:

A
  1. Schwann cells
  2. Satellite cells
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32
Q

Sorround neuron cell bodies in sensory and autonomic ganglia; prote t neurons from heavy-metal poisons, such as lead and mercury.

A

Satellite Cells

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33
Q

2 Divisions of the Nervous System:

A
  1. Central Nervous system
  2. Peripheral Nervous System
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34
Q

Consist mainly of the nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord.

A

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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35
Q

Carry impulses to amd from the brain.

A

Cranial Nerves

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36
Q

Carry impulses to and from the spinal cord.

A

Spinal Nerves

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37
Q

Neurons carrying impulses from sensory receptors (in the internal organs or tye skin) to the CNS.

A

Sensory Neurons or Afferent Neurons

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38
Q

Small collection of cell bodies.

A

Ganglion

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39
Q

2 Types of Receptors

A
  1. Cutaneous Sense Organs
  2. Proprioceptors
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40
Q

Sensory receptors in the skin (a.k.a NERVE ENDINGS)

A

Cutaneous Sense Organs

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41
Q

Sensory receptors in muscles and tendons.

A

Proprioceptors

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42
Q

Examples of Cutaneous Sense Organs (Nerve Endings).

A
  1. Free Nerve Ending
  2. Hair-follicle receptor
  3. Pacinian Corpuscle
  4. Meissner Corpuscle
  5. Ruffini End Organ
  6. Lamellar Corpuscle
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43
Q

Pain, itch, tickle and temperature.

A

Free- nerve ending

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44
Q

Light touch

A

Hair-follicle receptor

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45
Q

Pressure & vibrations.

A

Pacinian Corpuscles

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46
Q

Two-point discrimination.

A

Meissner Corpuscle

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47
Q

Continuous touch or pressure.

A

Ruffini End Organ

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48
Q

Deep pressure

A

Lamellar Corpuscle

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49
Q

2 types of Proprioceptors:

A
  1. Muscle Spindle
  2. Golgi Tendon Organ
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50
Q

Senses change in the length of the muscle.

A

Muscle Spindle

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51
Q

Senses change in muscle tension.

A

Golgi Tendon Organ

52
Q

Neurons carrying electric impulses from the CNS to the effectors ( viscera and/or muscle and glands).

A

Motor Neuron or Efferent Neuron

53
Q

Connects the sensory and motor neuron.

A

Interneuron

54
Q

2 Major Functional Properties of Nerve Impulse:

A
  1. Irritability
  2. Conductivity
55
Q

Ability to respond to a stimulus and convert it into a nerve impulse.

A

Irritability

56
Q

Ability to transmit the impulse to other neurons, muscles or glands.

A

Conductivity

57
Q

Also known as “nerve impulse” is an electrical current generated by the spdium potassium pump.

A

Action Potential

58
Q

The plasma membrane of a resting or inactive neuron is polarized.

A

Resting Neuron Membrane

59
Q

A stimulus changes the permeability of a local “patch: of the membrane and sodium ions diffuse rapidly into the cell.

A

Initiation

60
Q

If the stimulus is strong enough there will be depolarization and an action potential is initiated.

A

Generation/Depolarization

61
Q

Depolarization of the first local local patch causes changes in the next one, and the events described in step 2 are repeated.

A

Propagation

62
Q

Potassium (K+) ions diffuse out of the cell, restoring the negative charge on the inside of the membrane and the positive change on the outside surface.

A

Repolarization

63
Q

The ionic conditions of the resting state are restored later by the activity of the sodium-potassium pump.

A

Restoration

64
Q

Nerve Impulse Summary:

A
  1. Polarization (Resting Neuron Membrane)
  2. Initiation
  3. Generation/Depolarization
  4. Propagation
  5. Repolarization
  6. Restoration
65
Q

Arise directly from the brain, and pass through separate locations in the skull.

A

Cranial Nerves

66
Q

How many pairs of nerves does a cranial nerves have?

67
Q

Carry impulse for the sense of smell.

A

CN 1: Olfactory Nerve

68
Q

The loss of sense of smell.

69
Q

Decrease ability to detect smell.

70
Q

Increased sensitivity to the sense of smell.

A

Hyperosmia

71
Q

It carries impulses for vision.

A

CN 2: Optic Nerve

72
Q

4/6 of the muscles that move the eyeball and to the internal eye muscles controlling the lens shape and pupil size.

A

CN 3: Oculomotor Nerve

73
Q

Dropping of upper eye lid (unavle to open eyes).

74
Q

External eye muscle ( Superior Oblique) for downward and medial eyeball movement.

A

CN 4: Trochlear Nerve

75
Q

Vertical, horizontal and torional misalignment of the eyes.

A

Superior Oblique Palsy

76
Q

3 Branches of CN 5: Trigeminal Nerve

A
  1. Opthalmic
  2. Maxillary
  3. Mandibular
77
Q

Upper portion of the face (scalp to bridge of nose).

78
Q

Middle portion of face (lower eyelid to roof of the mouth).

79
Q

Lower portion of the face, anterior 2/3 of the tongue (general sensation). Muscles of mastication (chewing).

A

Mandibular

80
Q

Eye muscles - Lateral Rectus- which rolls the eye laterally.

A

CN 6: Abducens Nerve

81
Q

Inward misalignment of the eye.

A

Medial Strabismus

82
Q

Anterior 2/3 of the tongue (taste). Facial Muscles, lacrimal and salivary glands.

A

CN 7: Facial Nerve

83
Q

Temporary weakening or paralysis of the facial muscles.

A

Bell’s Palsy

84
Q

2 branches of CN 8: Vestibulocochlear Nerve:

A
  1. Vestibular Branch
  2. Cochlear Branch
85
Q

Sense of balance.

A

Vestibular branch

86
Q

Sense of hearing.

A

Cochlear Branch

87
Q

Posterior 1/3 of the tongue (general sensation and taste).

A

CN 9: Glossopharyngeal Nerve

88
Q

Swallowing and saliva production; Gag reflex.

89
Q

Longest and most complex cranial nerve. Pharynx, Larynx (voice box), heart, lungs, and abdomen. Neck muscles for swallowing and speech.

A

CN 10: Vagus Nerve

90
Q

Sterncleidomastoidand Trapezius Muscles.

A

CN 11: Spinal Accessory Nerve

91
Q

Shoulder blade is not flat and sticks out.

A

Scapular winging

92
Q

Tongue sensation, tongue movements.

A

CN 12: Hypoglossal Nerve

93
Q

Combination of the ventral and dorsal roots of the spinal cord.

A

Spinal Nerves

94
Q

How many pairs does a spinal nerves have?

95
Q

Area of that skin that is supplied by a single spinal nerve (Sensory).

A

Dermatomes

96
Q

Groups of muscles innervated by a single spinal nerve (Motor).

97
Q

(Dermatomes)
Back of the head up to the little finger /5th phalanx.

98
Q

(Dermatomes)
Armpit up to the lower abdomen & mid-back.

99
Q

(Dermatomes)
Lower back, hip, groin up to first four toes.

100
Q

(Dermatomes)
Last or 5th toe, back and inside of calf up to the buttocks.

101
Q

(Dermatomes)
Buttock, area of tailbone (coccyx).

102
Q

(Myotomes)
Neck motions.

103
Q

(Myotomes)
Upper extremity motions.

104
Q

(Myotomes)
Lower extremity motions.

105
Q

(Myotomes)
Bladder and rectum motor supply.

106
Q

Spinal nerves form complex networks of nerves.

107
Q

(Cervical Plexuses C1-C5)
Heads and neck muscles.

A

C1-C3 Nerve

108
Q

(Cervical Plexuses C1-C5)
Diaphragm

A

Phrenic Nerve (C3-C5)

109
Q

Major muscle of respiration located below the lungs.

110
Q

Brachial Plexus (C5-T1)
Deltoids

A

Axillary Nerve

111
Q

Brachial Plexus C5-T1
Flexors of arm (Biceps brachii, brachialis, Brachioradialis).

A

Musculocutaneous Nerve

112
Q

Brachial Plexus C5-T1
Triceps, extensors of FA.

A

Radial Nerve

113
Q

Brachial Plexus C5-T1
Flexors of FA & hand.

A

Median Nerve

114
Q

Brachial Plexus C5-T1
Flexors of FA, wrist and hand.

A

Ulnar Nerve

115
Q

Lumbar Plexus (L1-L4)
Hip flexors and knee extensor muscles; skin of anteromedial leg and thigh.

A

Femoral Nerve

116
Q

Lumbar Plexus (L1-L4)
Adductor muscles; skin of medial thigh.

A

Obturator nerve

117
Q

Sacral Plexus (L5-S4)
Hip extensors and knee flexors.

A

Sciatic Nerve

118
Q

Lateral leg &foot muscles.

A

Common Peroneal Nerve

119
Q

Posterior Leg and Foot Muscles.

A

Tibial Nerve

120
Q

Sensation of calf region of the leg.

A

Sural Nerve

121
Q

Sacral Plexus (L5-S4)
Gluteus Medius

A

Superior Gluteal Nerve

122
Q

Sacral Plexus (L5-S4)
Gluteus maximus

A

Inferior Gluteal Nerve

123
Q

It is the motor subdivision of the PNS that controls the body activities automatically (involuntary nervous system).

A

Autonomic Nervous System

124
Q

2 Division of Autonomic Nervous System:

A

Sympathetic Division and Parasympathetic Division

125
Q

“Flight or fight” system; controls organs during extreme situations (such as fear, rage, and exercise).

A

Sympathetic Division

126
Q

“Rest and Digest” system; controls organs to relax or conserve energy when resting.

A

Parasympathetic Division

Anaphy Class (7 decks)

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