Nervous System Flashcards
1
Q
It is the master control and communication system of the body.
A
Nervous System
2
Q
These are rapid and specific and cause almost immediate response.
A
Electrical impulses
3
Q
5 Functions of Nervous System:
A
- Maintain Hemeostasis
- Receive memory inputs
- Integrate Information
- Control Muscles and Glands
- Establish and Maintain Mental Activity
4
Q
3 Nervous Systems Functions:
A
- Sensory Input
- Integration
- Motor Output
5
Q
2 Types of Sensory Input:
A
- Sensory receptor
- Stimulus/Stimuli
6
Q
Monitor changes in and out of the body.
A
Sensory Receptor
7
Q
Changes detected by the receptor.
A
Stimulus/Stimuli
8
Q
The process of interpreting the sensory input and deciding what should be done at each moment.
A
Integration
9
Q
After integrating information, it will now cause a response for effect via an effector.
A
Motor Output
10
Q
Two Major Division of Nervous System:
A
- Central Nervous System
- Peripheral Nervous System
11
Q
Nerve Cells; electrically excitable cells of the nervous system.
A
Neurons
12
Q
It is also called as neuroglia, it is a supporting cells.
A
Glial Cells
13
Q
Structure of a Nerve:
A
Epineurium, Perineurium, Endonuerium
14
Q
It covers the entire nerve.
A
Epineurium
15
Q
It covers the fasicles.
A
Perineuriom
16
Q
It covers the nerve fibers.
A
Endoneurium
17
Q
It is a metabolic center of the cell.
A
Cell Body
18
Q
Extensive rough ER; abundant protein Synthesis.
A
Nissl Bodies
19
Q
Arm or finger-like fibers projecting at the ends of the neuron.
A
Processes
20
Q
Neuron processes that convey incoming messages (electrical signal) toward the cell body.
A
Dendrites
21
Q
Generate nerve impulses and typically conduct them away from the cell body.
A
Axons
22
Q
Conelike region of the cell body where the axon arises.
A
Axon Hillock
23
Q
Whitish fatty msterial covering the axons, which protect and insukate the fibers and increases the transmission rate of nerve impulses
A
Myelin Sheath
24
Q
Glial cells that forms the the myelin sheat.
A
Schwann cells
25
Gaps or indentions between schwann cells.
Nodes of Ravier
26
Terminal end of an axon containing neurotransmitters.
Axon terminal
27
Disease that gradually destroys the myelin sheaths around the CNS fibers by converting them to hardened sheats.
Multiple Sceloris (MS)
28
3 Types of Neurons:
1. Multipolar Neuron
2. A bipolar Neuron
3. Unipolar Meuron
29
Many dendrites and one axon.
Multipolar Neuron
30
Support for neurons in the PNS.
Glial Cells
31
2 Types of Glial cells:
1. Schwann cells
2. Satellite cells
32
Sorround neuron cell bodies in sensory and autonomic ganglia; prote t neurons from heavy-metal poisons, such as lead and mercury.
Satellite Cells
33
2 Divisions of the Nervous System:
1. Central Nervous system
2. Peripheral Nervous System
34
Consist mainly of the nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
35
Carry impulses to amd from the brain.
Cranial Nerves
36
Carry impulses to and from the spinal cord.
Spinal Nerves
37
Neurons carrying impulses from sensory receptors (in the internal organs or tye skin) to the CNS.
Sensory Neurons or Afferent Neurons
38
Small collection of cell bodies.
Ganglion
39
2 Types of Receptors
1. Cutaneous Sense Organs
2. Proprioceptors
40
Sensory receptors in the skin (a.k.a NERVE ENDINGS)
Cutaneous Sense Organs
41
Sensory receptors in muscles and tendons.
Proprioceptors
42
Examples of Cutaneous Sense Organs (Nerve Endings).
1. Free Nerve Ending
2. Hair-follicle receptor
3. Pacinian Corpuscle
4. Meissner Corpuscle
5. Ruffini End Organ
6. Lamellar Corpuscle
43
Pain, itch, tickle and temperature.
Free- nerve ending
44
Light touch
Hair-follicle receptor
45
Pressure & vibrations.
Pacinian Corpuscles
46
Two-point discrimination.
Meissner Corpuscle
47
Continuous touch or pressure.
Ruffini End Organ
48
Deep pressure
Lamellar Corpuscle
49
2 types of Proprioceptors:
1. Muscle Spindle
2. Golgi Tendon Organ
50
Senses change in the length of the muscle.
Muscle Spindle
51
Senses change in muscle tension.
Golgi Tendon Organ
52
Neurons carrying electric impulses from the CNS to the effectors ( viscera and/or muscle and glands).
Motor Neuron or Efferent Neuron
53
Connects the sensory and motor neuron.
Interneuron
54
2 Major Functional Properties of Nerve Impulse:
1. Irritability
2. Conductivity
55
Ability to respond to a stimulus and convert it into a nerve impulse.
Irritability
56
Ability to transmit the impulse to other neurons, muscles or glands.
Conductivity
57
Also known as "nerve impulse" is an electrical current generated by the spdium potassium pump.
Action Potential
58
The plasma membrane of a resting or inactive neuron is polarized.
Resting Neuron Membrane
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A stimulus changes the permeability of a local "patch: of the membrane and sodium ions diffuse rapidly into the cell.
Initiation
60
If the stimulus is strong enough there will be depolarization and an action potential is initiated.
Generation/Depolarization
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Depolarization of the first local local patch causes changes in the next one, and the events described in step 2 are repeated.
Propagation
62
Potassium (K+) ions diffuse out of the cell, restoring the negative charge on the inside of the membrane and the positive change on the outside surface.
Repolarization
63
The ionic conditions of the resting state are restored later by the activity of the sodium-potassium pump.
Restoration
64
Nerve Impulse Summary:
1. Polarization (Resting Neuron Membrane)
2. Initiation
3. Generation/Depolarization
4. Propagation
5. Repolarization
6. Restoration
65
Arise directly from the brain, and pass through separate locations in the skull.
Cranial Nerves
66
How many pairs of nerves does a cranial nerves have?
12 pairs
67
Carry impulse for the sense of smell.
CN 1: Olfactory Nerve
68
The loss of sense of smell.
Anomia
69
Decrease ability to detect smell.
Hyposmia
70
Increased sensitivity to the sense of smell.
Hyperosmia
71
It carries impulses for vision.
CN 2: Optic Nerve
72
4/6 of the muscles that move the eyeball and to the internal eye muscles controlling the lens shape and pupil size.
CN 3: Oculomotor Nerve
73
Dropping of upper eye lid (unavle to open eyes).
Ptosis
74
External eye muscle ( Superior Oblique) for downward and medial eyeball movement.
CN 4: Trochlear Nerve
75
Vertical, horizontal and torional misalignment of the eyes.
Superior Oblique Palsy
76
3 Branches of CN 5: Trigeminal Nerve
1. Opthalmic
2. Maxillary
3. Mandibular
77
Upper portion of the face (scalp to bridge of nose).
OPTHALMIC
78
Middle portion of face (lower eyelid to roof of the mouth).
Maxillary
79
Lower portion of the face, anterior 2/3 of the tongue (general sensation). Muscles of mastication (chewing).
Mandibular
80
Eye muscles - Lateral Rectus- which rolls the eye laterally.
CN 6: Abducens Nerve
81
Inward misalignment of the eye.
Medial Strabismus
82
Anterior 2/3 of the tongue (taste). Facial Muscles, lacrimal and salivary glands.
CN 7: Facial Nerve
83
Temporary weakening or paralysis of the facial muscles.
Bell's Palsy
84
2 branches of CN 8: Vestibulocochlear Nerve:
1. Vestibular Branch
2. Cochlear Branch
85
Sense of balance.
Vestibular branch
86
Sense of hearing.
Cochlear Branch
87
Posterior 1/3 of the tongue (general sensation and taste).
CN 9: Glossopharyngeal Nerve
88
Swallowing and saliva production; Gag reflex.
Pharynx
89
Longest and most complex cranial nerve. Pharynx, Larynx (voice box), heart, lungs, and abdomen. Neck muscles for swallowing and speech.
CN 10: Vagus Nerve
90
Sterncleidomastoidand Trapezius Muscles.
CN 11: Spinal Accessory Nerve
91
Shoulder blade is not flat and sticks out.
Scapular winging
92
Tongue sensation, tongue movements.
CN 12: Hypoglossal Nerve
93
Combination of the ventral and dorsal roots of the spinal cord.
Spinal Nerves
94
How many pairs does a spinal nerves have?
31 pairs
95
Area of that skin that is supplied by a single spinal nerve (Sensory).
Dermatomes
96
Groups of muscles innervated by a single spinal nerve (Motor).
Myotomes
97
(Dermatomes)
Back of the head up to the little finger /5th phalanx.
C2-C8
98
(Dermatomes)
Armpit up to the lower abdomen & mid-back.
T1-T12
99
(Dermatomes)
Lower back, hip, groin up to first four toes.
L1-L5
100
(Dermatomes)
Last or 5th toe, back and inside of calf up to the buttocks.
S1-S5
101
(Dermatomes)
Buttock, area of tailbone (coccyx).
C0
102
(Myotomes)
Neck motions.
C1-C3
103
(Myotomes)
Upper extremity motions.
C4-T1
104
(Myotomes)
Lower extremity motions.
L2-S1
105
(Myotomes)
Bladder and rectum motor supply.
S4
106
Spinal nerves form complex networks of nerves.
Plexuses
107
(Cervical Plexuses C1-C5)
Heads and neck muscles.
C1-C3 Nerve
108
(Cervical Plexuses C1-C5)
Diaphragm
Phrenic Nerve (C3-C5)
109
Major muscle of respiration located below the lungs.
Diaphragm
110
Brachial Plexus (C5-T1)
Deltoids
Axillary Nerve
111
Brachial Plexus C5-T1
Flexors of arm (Biceps brachii, brachialis, Brachioradialis).
Musculocutaneous Nerve
112
Brachial Plexus C5-T1
Triceps, extensors of FA.
Radial Nerve
113
Brachial Plexus C5-T1
Flexors of FA & hand.
Median Nerve
114
Brachial Plexus C5-T1
Flexors of FA, wrist and hand.
Ulnar Nerve
115
Lumbar Plexus (L1-L4)
Hip flexors and knee extensor muscles; skin of anteromedial leg and thigh.
Femoral Nerve
116
Lumbar Plexus (L1-L4)
Adductor muscles; skin of medial thigh.
Obturator nerve
117
Sacral Plexus (L5-S4)
Hip extensors and knee flexors.
Sciatic Nerve
118
Lateral leg &foot muscles.
Common Peroneal Nerve
119
Posterior Leg and Foot Muscles.
Tibial Nerve
120
Sensation of calf region of the leg.
Sural Nerve
121
Sacral Plexus (L5-S4)
Gluteus Medius
Superior Gluteal Nerve
122
Sacral Plexus (L5-S4)
Gluteus maximus
Inferior Gluteal Nerve
123
It is the motor subdivision of the PNS that controls the body activities automatically (involuntary nervous system).
Autonomic Nervous System
124
2 Division of Autonomic Nervous System:
Sympathetic Division and Parasympathetic Division
125
"Flight or fight" system; controls organs during extreme situations (such as fear, rage, and exercise).
Sympathetic Division
126
"Rest and Digest" system; controls organs to relax or conserve energy when resting.
Parasympathetic Division
