Skeletal system

Question 1

What is a long bone?

Answer 1

A bone that has greater length than width.
i.e. femur and radius.

Question 2

What is a short bone?

Answer 2

bone that is approximately equal in both length and width.
Examples: carpal and tarsal bones.

Question 3

what is a flat bone?

Answer 3

bones that are flat and thing. This allows them to have more areas for muscle attachment and protection.
Examples: scapula, cranial bones, ribs.

Question 4

What is a sesamoid bone?

Answer 4

only common e.g. Patella.
often classified as irregular
Only in the knee.

Question 5

Irregular bones.

Answer 5

complex shapes
e.g. vertebrae,
some facial bones

Question 6

What are the properties of cartilage? What are the three main types?

Answer 6

• Contains no blood vessels
  or nerves
• Composed of
  chondrocytes
• Occur singly or in groups
  in spaces called lacunae
• Matrix contains
  translucent proteins
  3 types are Hyaline, Elastic, and fibrocartilage.

Question 7

What are functions of cartilage?

Answer 7

1. Forms the embryonic skeleton
2. Covers the ends of many bones in
   the body providing protection
3. Provides cushioning in many joints
4. Joins some bones and allows for
   limited flexibility
5. Gives support & flexibility to various
   structures
   e.g. nose, ears, trachea

Question 8

What are osteogenic cells?

Answer 8

these cells are precursors to more specialized cells. Osteogenic cells can differentiate osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts.

Question 9

What are osteoblasts?

Answer 9

Cells involved in the formation of
bone matrix. Produce collagen fibres & lay downCaCO3 & CaPO4 crystals.

Question 10

what are osteocytes?

Answer 10

Cells involved in bone maintenance & repair.
Develop from Osteoblasts. Found
in lacuna. Connect toothers via canaliculi
non dividing cells

Question 11

what are osteoclasts?

Answer 11

Cells involved in the resorption (breaking down) of bone matrix. Secrete acids & protein
digesting enzymes to dissolve bone matrix and
release stored minerals.

Question 12

Long bone structure: Articular cartilage

Answer 12

(covers & protects ends of bone)

Question 13

Long bone structure: Spongy bone

Answer 13

(containing red bone marrow,
RBC &WBC production)

Question 14

Long bone structure: Epiphysial line

Answer 14

Either the proximal end or distal end of the long bone.

Question 15

Structure of the long bone: Metaphysis

Answer 15

growth plate region containing the
epiphyseal line

Question 16

Long bone structure: Medullary cavity

Answer 16

the cavity inside the shaft of bones;
contains red bone marrow and/or yellow bone marrow

Question 17

Long bone structure: Periosteum

Answer 17

the lining covering the bone, but not the
cartilage
– Fibrous outer layer
– Osteogenic inner layer

Question 18

Compact bone - structure and function.

Answer 18

• Organized and strong
• Forms the hard layer of bone in the shaft of
  long bones and the external layer of all bones
  Compact bone provides structural strength and protection to the body’s internal organs.

Question 19

Spongy bone -structure and function

Answer 19

found in the ends of long bones and in the vertebral column. Allows for greater flexibility and a greater surface area for the exchange of nutrients and oxygen. The spongy bone acts as a shock absorber and supports the body in weight-bearing activities. It also helps to regulate calcium levels in the body and provides a site for blood cell production.

Question 20

Simple/Closed Fracture

Answer 20

A break in the bone without an open wound.

Question 21

Compound/Open Fracture

Answer 21

A break in the bone with an open wound.

Question 22

Comminuted Fracture

Answer 22

A break in the bone into more than two fragments.

Question 23

Stress Fractures

Answer 23

A hairline break in the bone due to repetitive stress or overuse.

Question 24

Ossification

Answer 24

process by which bones form and develop in the body.

Question 25

Intramembranous ossification

Answer 25

process in which the bone develops directly from the mesenchymal cells without the formation of cartilage.

Question 26

Intramembranous ossification

Answer 26

This type of ossification is found in the flat bones of the skull, such as the frontal, parietal and temporal bones.

Question 27

Endochondral ossification

Answer 27

process in which the bone develops from a cartilage template. This type of ossification is found in the long bones of the body, such as the femur, tibia and humerus.

Question 28

Explain the process of long bone growth.

Answer 28

Appositional growth, which involves the addition of new layers of bone to the outside surfaces of a long bone, allows for growth in both length and width. Factors such as nutrition, age, hormones, genetics, physical activity, and environment can influence the rate of ossification and thus the height of a mature individual.

Question 29

Pectoral Girdle

Answer 29

The pectoral girdle consists of the two shoulder blades, which are connected by the collarbone and help to anchor the arms to the torso. Its primary function is to provide stability and support for the arms, allowing them to move freely and perform a wide range of tasks.

Question 30

Pelvic Girdle

Answer 30

The pelvic girdle consists of the two hip bones, which are connected to the sacrum and coccyx. It is the main point of attachment for the lower limbs and helps to provide stability and support for the torso when standing or walking. Its primary functions are to support the weight of the upper body, protect the organs of the pelvic cavity, and to facilitate the movement of the legs.

Question 31

The axial skeleton

Answer 31

Composed of the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum and its main function is to protect the vital organs, provide support for the head and trunk, and to act as a framework for attachment of muscles

Question 32

The appendicular skeleton

Answer 32

composed of the bones of the appendages, such as the upper and lower limbs, and its main function is to provide the body with locomotion and manipulation of the environment.

Question 33

differences between an infant skeleton and an adult skeleton

Answer 33

Infant skeletons have softer bones with more cartilage, larger head and fontanelles, less developed facial features, and shorter limbs compared to adult skeletons.

Question 34

the differences between the pelvis of a human female and that of a human male.

Answer 34

The human female pelvis is wider and flatter, with a wider subpubic angle and a larger sciatic notch. The human male pelvis is narrower and taller, with a narrower subpubic angle and a smaller sciatic notch.