Skeletal system Flashcards
What is a long bone?
A bone that has greater length than width.
i.e. femur and radius.
What is a short bone?
bone that is approximately equal in both length and width.
Examples: carpal and tarsal bones.
what is a flat bone?
bones that are flat and thing. This allows them to have more areas for muscle attachment and protection.
Examples: scapula, cranial bones, ribs.
What is a sesamoid bone?
only common e.g. Patella.
often classified as irregular
Only in the knee.
Irregular bones.
complex shapes
e.g. vertebrae,
some facial bones
What are the properties of cartilage? What are the three main types?
- Contains no blood vessels
or nerves - Composed of
chondrocytes - Occur singly or in groups
in spaces called lacunae - Matrix contains
translucent proteins
3 types are Hyaline, Elastic, and fibrocartilage.
What are functions of cartilage?
- Forms the embryonic skeleton
- Covers the ends of many bones in
the body providing protection - Provides cushioning in many joints
- Joins some bones and allows for
limited flexibility - Gives support & flexibility to various
structures
e.g. nose, ears, trachea
What are osteogenic cells?
these cells are precursors to more specialized cells. Osteogenic cells can differentiate osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts.
What are osteoblasts?
Cells involved in the formation of
bone matrix. Produce collagen fibres & lay downCaCO3 & CaPO4 crystals.
what are osteocytes?
Cells involved in bone maintenance & repair.
Develop from Osteoblasts. Found
in lacuna. Connect toothers via canaliculi
non dividing cells
what are osteoclasts?
Cells involved in the resorption (breaking down) of bone matrix. Secrete acids & protein
digesting enzymes to dissolve bone matrix and
release stored minerals.
Long bone structure: Articular cartilage
(covers & protects ends of bone)
Long bone structure: Spongy bone
(containing red bone marrow,
RBC &WBC production)
Long bone structure: Epiphysial line
Either the proximal end or distal end of the long bone.
Structure of the long bone: Metaphysis
growth plate region containing the
epiphyseal line
Long bone structure: Medullary cavity
the cavity inside the shaft of bones;
contains red bone marrow and/or yellow bone marrow
Long bone structure: Periosteum
the lining covering the bone, but not the
cartilage
– Fibrous outer layer
– Osteogenic inner layer
Compact bone - structure and function.
- Organized and strong
- Forms the hard layer of bone in the shaft of
long bones and the external layer of all bones
Compact bone provides structural strength and protection to the body’s internal organs.
Spongy bone -structure and function
found in the ends of long bones and in the vertebral column. Allows for greater flexibility and a greater surface area for the exchange of nutrients and oxygen. The spongy bone acts as a shock absorber and supports the body in weight-bearing activities. It also helps to regulate calcium levels in the body and provides a site for blood cell production.
Simple/Closed Fracture
A break in the bone without an open wound.
Compound/Open Fracture
A break in the bone with an open wound.
Comminuted Fracture
A break in the bone into more than two fragments.
Stress Fractures
A hairline break in the bone due to repetitive stress or overuse.
Ossification
process by which bones form and develop in the body.
Intramembranous ossification
process in which the bone develops directly from the mesenchymal cells without the formation of cartilage.
Intramembranous ossification
This type of ossification is found in the flat bones of the skull, such as the frontal, parietal and temporal bones.
Endochondral ossification
process in which the bone develops from a cartilage template. This type of ossification is found in the long bones of the body, such as the femur, tibia and humerus.
Explain the process of long bone growth.
Appositional growth, which involves the addition of new layers of bone to the outside surfaces of a long bone, allows for growth in both length and width. Factors such as nutrition, age, hormones, genetics, physical activity, and environment can influence the rate of ossification and thus the height of a mature individual.
Pectoral Girdle
The pectoral girdle consists of the two shoulder blades, which are connected by the collarbone and help to anchor the arms to the torso. Its primary function is to provide stability and support for the arms, allowing them to move freely and perform a wide range of tasks.
Pelvic Girdle
The pelvic girdle consists of the two hip bones, which are connected to the sacrum and coccyx. It is the main point of attachment for the lower limbs and helps to provide stability and support for the torso when standing or walking. Its primary functions are to support the weight of the upper body, protect the organs of the pelvic cavity, and to facilitate the movement of the legs.
The axial skeleton
Composed of the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum and its main function is to protect the vital organs, provide support for the head and trunk, and to act as a framework for attachment of muscles
The appendicular skeleton
composed of the bones of the appendages, such as the upper and lower limbs, and its main function is to provide the body with locomotion and manipulation of the environment.
differences between an infant skeleton and an adult skeleton
Infant skeletons have softer bones with more cartilage, larger head and fontanelles, less developed facial features, and shorter limbs compared to adult skeletons.
the differences between the pelvis of a human female and that of a human male.
The human female pelvis is wider and flatter, with a wider subpubic angle and a larger sciatic notch. The human male pelvis is narrower and taller, with a narrower subpubic angle and a smaller sciatic notch.
