Biochemistry

Question 1

What are carbohydrates?

Answer 1

Carbohydrates are organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms found in sugars, starches, fibers, and certain other substances.

Question 2

What are the three main types of carbohydrates?

Answer 2

The three main types of carbohydrates are monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.

Question 3

What are monosaccharides?

Answer 3

Monosaccharides are simple sugars that cannot be broken down into simpler sugars. Examples include glucose, fructose, and galactose.

Question 4

What are disaccharides?

Answer 4

Disaccharides are two monosaccharides bonded together. Examples include sucrose, maltose, and lactose.

Question 5

What are polysaccharides?

Answer 5

Polysaccharides are long chains of monosaccharides. Examples include starch, glycogen, and cellulose.

Question 6

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

Answer 6

The main functions of carbohydrates are to provide energy for the body, to store energy for later use, and to aid in the structure and function of proteins and other molecules.

Question 7

What are lipids?

Answer 7

Class of nonpolar organic compounds built from hydrocarbons and distinguished by the fact that they are not soluble in water but are soluble in organic solvents. When combined with water they create a emulsion. They include fats, phospholipids, and sterols.

Question 8

What is the structure of a lipid?

Answer 8

Lipids are composed of two main components: a hydrophobic (water-fearing) tail and a hydrophilic (water-loving) head.

Question 9

What are the main types of lipids?

Answer 9

The main types of lipids are triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, and waxes.

Question 10

What is the function of triglycerides?

Answer 10

Triglycerides are the main source of energy for the body and are used to store energy in the form of fat. They also act as a form of insulation to help keep the body warm.

Question 11

What is the function of phospholipids?

Answer 11

Phospholipids are important components of cell membranes and play a vital role in cell signaling and regulating the movement of molecules in and out of cells.

Question 12

What is the function of steroids?

Answer 12

Steroids are hormones that are involved in the regulation of many bodily processes, including growth, metabolism, and sexual development. They also play a role in the immune response.

Question 13

Differentiate between saturated and unsaturated fats.

Answer 13

Structure: Unsaturated fats have double bonds and a bent shape, while saturated fats have no double bonds and a straight shape.
State at Room Temperature: Unsaturated fats are liquid, while saturated fats are solid at room temperature.

Question 14

What is the basic structure of a protein?

Answer 14

Proteins are composed of monomers called amino acids that are linked together by peptide bonds.

Question 15

What is the importance of the shape of a protein?

Answer 15

The shape of a protein is important because it determines the protein’s function. A protein’s shape is determined by the arrangement of its amino acid side chains and the primary structure of the protein.

Question 16

What are the three levels of protein structure?

Answer 16

The three levels of protein structure are primary structure, secondary structure, and tertiary structure.

Question 17

Describe the primary structure of a protein.

Answer 17

The primary structure of a protein is the sequence of amino acid residues that make up the protein. It is determined by the genetic code of the organism.

Question 18

What is an example of a secondary structure of a protein?

Answer 18

An example of a secondary structure of a protein is an alpha helix or a beta sheet.

Question 19

What is the importance of the tertiary structure of a protein?

Answer 19

The tertiary structure of a protein is important because it determines the protein’s biological function. It is determined by the interactions between the side chains of the amino acids within the protein.

Question 20

4th level of structure for proteins.

Answer 20

How polypeptide chains come together and hold onto each other through various interactions to form a functional protein complex. polypeptide chains come together and hold onto each other through various interactions to form a functional protein complex.

Question 21

What are the four major types of protein functions?

Answer 21

The four major types of protein functions are catalytic, structural, transport, and regulatory.

Question 22

What is the primary component of nucleotides?

Answer 22

The primary component of nucleotides is a sugar molecule, usually either ribose or deoxyribose, combined with a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base.

Question 23

What is the role of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) in the body?

Answer 23

ATP is a molecule that acts as a source of energy for various metabolic processes in the body

Question 24

What is the difference between DNA and RNA?

Answer 24

DNA is a double-stranded molecule that contains genetic information and is responsible for the replication of genetic material, while RNA is a single-stranded molecule that is involved in protein synthesis.

Question 25

What are the components of a nucleotide?

Answer 25

A nucleotide is composed of a pentose sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base.

Question 26

What is the function of DNA in the body?

Answer 26

DNA is responsible for the replication of genetic material and is the basis for genetic inheritance.

Question 27

What is the difference between DNA and ATP?

Answer 27

DNA is a double-stranded molecule containing genetic information, while ATP is a molecule that acts as a source of energy for various metabolic processes in the body.

Question 28

what is a carbon skeleton?

Answer 28

skeleton refers to the chain or framework of carbon atoms in an organic molecule, which forms the backbone of the molecule and determines its overall structure and properties.

Question 29

name the important functional groups in the human body.

Answer 29

Carboxyl
Hydroxyl
Amino
Carbonyl
Phosphate

Question 30

Carboxyl

Answer 30

Carboxyl group (-COOH): It is a group composed of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and single-bonded to a hydroxyl group (-OH). It acts as an acidic functional group and is found in carboxylic acids, which are important in the structure and function of biomolecules like fatty acids and amino acids.

Question 31

Hydroxyl

Answer 31

Hydroxyl group (-OH): It is a group composed of an oxygen atom single-bonded to a hydrogen atom. It is a characteristic group of alcohols and is involved in the structure and function of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.

Question 32

Amino

Answer 32

Amino group (-NH2): It is a group composed of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. It is a characteristic group of amines and is involved in the structure and function of amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins.

Question 33

Carbonyl

Answer 33

Carbonyl group (C=O): It is a group composed of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom. It is a characteristic group of aldehydes and ketones, which are involved in energy metabolism and the synthesis of biomolecules.

Question 34

Phosphate

Answer 34

Phosphate group (-PO4): It is a group composed of a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms. It plays a crucial role in energy transfer and signaling as part of nucleotides, which are the building blocks of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA).

Question 35

Differentiate between dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis.

Answer 35

Dehydration synthesis involves forming a bond by removing water. It also involves forming a larger molecule out of smaller ones. Whereas hydrolysis involves removing water to break down larger molecules into smaller ones.

Question 36

what are 4 components of every amino acid?

Answer 36

Central Carbon
Amino group
Carboxyl Group
A side chain that is unique to a specific amino acid.

Question 37

Function of DNA

Answer 37

Storing genetic information, DNA replication, gene expression, inheritance, and DNA repair and maintenance.

Question 38

Function of RNA

Answer 38

Transfer and express genetic information from DNA to synthesize proteins in a process called gene expression.