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BMS 300 > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What composes the axial skeleton?

A

80 bones including the skull, spinal column, and ribcage + hyoid bone and ear ossicles.

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2
Q

What composes the Appendicular skeleton?

A

126 bones; all bones of upper and lower libs and pectoral and pelvic girdles

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3
Q

How are bones classified?

A

Based on their shape

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4
Q

What are long bones?

A

Cylindrical shaped bones where length is greater than width.

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5
Q

Which bones function as levers and move muscles when they contract?

A

Long bones

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6
Q

What bones provide stability and support?

A

Short bones

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7
Q

What bones are cube like in shape and are found in carpals of wrist and tarsals of ankles?

A

Short bones

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8
Q

What bones are attachment points of muscles and often protect internal organs?

A

Flat bones

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9
Q

What are examples of flat bones?

A

Skull bones, shoulder blades, sternum, and ribs.

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10
Q

What bones have a spongy interior

A

flat bones

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11
Q

What is the function of irregular bone?

A

Complex shapes help support spinal cord from compressive forces.

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12
Q

What is the function of seamoid bones?

A

protect tendons by helping them overcome compressive forces, patellas are the only bones found in common.

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13
Q

Sutural/Wormian bones occur where?

A

Within a joint of the skull

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14
Q

What are the two forms of bone classification based on internal structure?

A

Trabecular Bone
Compact Bone

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15
Q

What is trabecular bone?

A

50-90% porous and metabolically active

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16
Q

What is Compact bone?

A

10% porous and provides strength an support
constitutes 80% of adult skeleton

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17
Q

What is the ephysis?

A

Wider section at ends of bones (red bone marrow)

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18
Q

What is the diaphysis?

A

tubular shaft that runs between each ephysis (yellow bone marrow)

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19
Q

What is hematopoiesis and where does it occur?

A

The production of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets that occurs in the red marrow

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20
Q

What type of tissue does yellow marrow contain?

A

Adipose tissue

21
Q

Where does ephysis and diaphysis meet?

A

metaphysis

22
Q

What is contained in the metaphysis?

A

Epiphyseal plate (growth plate) and a layer of hyaline cartilage in growing bone

23
Q

What happens to metaphysis is adulthood?

A

The cartilage is replaced by osseous tissue and the ephyseal plate becomes an epiphyseal line.

24
Q

Where is compact bone found?

A

In the diaphysis of long bones

25
Q

What is the microscopic structural unit of compact bone and what is it composed of?

A

Osteon; rings of calcified matrix called lamellae.

26
Q

What does the canaliculi of the lacuna do?

A

Connects to one another so that nutrients and wastes can be transported to and from osteocytes.
Permits communication between osteocytes.

27
Q

Where are osteocytes located?

A

Within the lacuna

28
Q

What is the Haversian canal?

A

A canal that contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves.

29
Q

What is the periosteum

A

Outer sheath that contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels that nourish compact bone.

30
Q

Where do tendons and ligaments connect to on the bone?

A

periosteum

31
Q

What cells are in the periosteum?

A

Osteoblasts, fibroblasts, and osteogenic cells (skeletal stem cells).
Osteocytes trapped in matrix.

32
Q

What cells are in the endosteum?

A

Osteoblasts, skeletal stem cells, and osteoclasts.

33
Q

How is spongy bone arranged?

A

With trabeculae that form a matrix of spaces that provide support and strength.

34
Q

How is blood and nerves supplied to the spongy bone?

A

Blood nutrients enter and leave through nutrient foramen

35
Q

What types of cells are found in bone tissue?

A

Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteogenic Cells
Osteoclasts

36
Q

What are the steps to form a osteocyte?

A

Osteogenic cell to osteoblast to osteocyte

37
Q

What do osteoblasts do?

A

Synthesize and secrete collagen matrix and calcium salts, once the outside calcifies, it becomes an osteocyte.

38
Q

Where do osteoclasts originate from?

A

Monocytes and macrophages (WBC)

39
Q

What cells break down old bone, while what cells form new bone?

A

Osteoclast break down and osteoblast form new bone.

40
Q

What is intramembranous ossification?

A

Flat bone formation where compact and spongy bone develop from sheets of mesenchymal areolar connective tissue

41
Q

What do mesenchymal cells differentiate into?

A

Specialized cells such as capillaries or osteogenic cells then fibroblasts.

42
Q

What is the ossification center?

A

Where early osteoblasts cluster

43
Q

What is the result of intramembranous ossification?

A

Osteoid results in trabecular matrix while osteoblasts on the surface of spongy bone become periosteum.

44
Q

What is endochondral ossification?

A

After 6-8 weeks after conception, some mysenchemal cells differentiate into chondrocytes (cartilage cells) that form the precursor to bones

45
Q

What is the perichondrium?

A

Membrane that covers cartilage

46
Q

As more matrix is produced, what happens to chondrocytes?

A

As chondrocytes in center of cartilaginous model grow in size, the ones that are far in don’t receive nutrients and die.

47
Q

When blood vessels invade the spaces chondrocyte what happens?

A

The spaces eventually become the medulalry cavity and the penetration of capillaries initaites transformation of perichondrium to bone producing periosteum.

48
Q

How does bone keep growing?

A

Chondrocytes and cartilage continue to grow at the ends of the bones (future ephysis).

BMS 300 (16 decks)

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