Digestion and Metabolism: Jejunum to Colon & Carbohydrate Metabolism Flashcards
What is are some pancreatic enzymes?
Pancreatic alpha-amylase
Proteases
Pancreatic Lipase
Nucleases
What does pancreatic alpha-amylase do?
Breaks down carbohydrates and certain starches (similar to salivary amylase)
What do proteases do?
Break down proteins into amino acids
What do Pancreatic lipase break down?
Complex lipids which releases fatty acids
What do nucleases break down?
RNA or DNA
What are the three parts of the small intestine?
Duodenum, Jejunum, and Ileum
What is the primary function of the duodenum?
Has secretions and hormones that further digestion of chyme
What is the primary function of the Jejunum?
Major site of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption
What is the function of the Ileum
Absorbs bile acids, fluid, and vitamin B-12
What anatomy of the small intestine increases surface area?
The villi and microvilli
What is celiac disease and how does it affect a person? How is it treated?
Immune reaction to gluten that damages the lining of the small intestine. Strict gluten free diet to promote intestinal healing.
What is the Mesentery?
Fold of the small intestine membrane that attaches intestine to abdominal wall and holds it in place. Its highly vascularized and a depot for fat.
What is the function of the colon?
Absorption of water, vitamins, and electrolytes from chyme.
Forms and propels feces toward rectum for elimination.
What is the role of colonic bacteria?
Produce vitamins by fermentation which are absorbed into the blood
Digestion of breast milk
Digesting fiber
Aids in the Immune system
Aids in brain health
What is constipation and how do you treat it?
Having < 3 bowel movement a week
caused by lack of fiber, exercise, medications, IBS, ignoring the urge, and lack of water
Treated with fiber consumption (fruits and veggies), exercise, and laxatives.
What is diarrhea and how is it treated?
Loose watery stools
caused by bacterial and viral infections, food intolerance, parasites, medications, intestinal diseases and functional bowel disorders
treated by replenishing water and electrolytes
What is diverticulosis?
Pockets in the colon due to weakness of the muscle layers in colon wall
Caused by aging, low fiber diet, obesity, inactivity, etc.
Treated with a high fiber diet that promotes faster bowel movements.
What are hemorrhoids and how are they treated?
Piles (swollen veins in anus and lower rectum)
Caused by pressure on veins from colon, lack of dietary fiber, sitting for too long, and pregnancy.
Treated with a high fiber diet + fluids, physical activity, don’t wait to poop.
After glucose is carried to the liver where may it go?
Used for energy
stored as glycogen
stored as fat
used for non-essential amino acids
released into the blood
Where can insulin go to?
Pancreas, Liver, Muscle, and adipose tissue
What is the role of insulin in muscle?
1.Insulin attaches to IR
2. Transports glucose, amino acids and
fatty acids (FA) into cell
3. Stimulates synthesis: glycogen and fat
from glucose; proteins from amino acids
4. Sensitivity and number of Muscle IR
depends on movement
5. Exercise increases glucose uptake
through non-insulin mechanisms
(passive uptake)
What is role of insulin in adipose tissue?
- Insulin attaches to IR
- Transports glucose and FA
into the cell - Stimulates the synthesis of
fat from glucose - Sensitivity of insulin and
sympathetic receptors
depend on size of adipose
tissue
What is role of insulin in the liver?
- Transport of glucose not insulin dependent
- Stimulates synthesis of glycogen and triglycerides/fat
- Inhibits glucose synthesis.
What causes diabetes?
Glucose dysregulation which leads to hyperglycemia.
How is diabetes diagnosed?
Oral Glucose tolerance test (OGTT)
After fasting and then drinking 75 g of glucose. after 2 hrs if bgl is > 200, diabetes is diagnosed.
What is type one diabetes caused by?
The pancreas failing to produce insulin
What is type 2 diabetes caused by?
Cells do not respond to insulin properly and the insulin cannot bind as normal.
How does adipose tissue respond to chronic energy excess? What diabetes is this?
The adipose tissue has an infiltration of proinflammatory immune cells which contribute to insulin resistance, impaired glucose and lipid metabolism, and low-grade systemic inflammation.
What is gestational diabetes?
Diabetes that occurs in late pregnancy caused by placental hormones causing macrosomia.
