Digestion and Metabolism: Jejunum to Colon & Carbohydrate Metabolism

Question 1

What is are some pancreatic enzymes?

Answer 1

Pancreatic alpha-amylase
Proteases
Pancreatic Lipase
Nucleases

Question 2

What does pancreatic alpha-amylase do?

Answer 2

Breaks down carbohydrates and certain starches (similar to salivary amylase)

Question 3

What do proteases do?

Answer 3

Break down proteins into amino acids

Question 4

What do Pancreatic lipase break down?

Answer 4

Complex lipids which releases fatty acids

Question 5

What do nucleases break down?

Answer 5

RNA or DNA

Question 6

What are the three parts of the small intestine?

Answer 6

Duodenum, Jejunum, and Ileum

Question 7

What is the primary function of the duodenum?

Answer 7

Has secretions and hormones that further digestion of chyme

Question 8

What is the primary function of the Jejunum?

Answer 8

Major site of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption

Question 9

What is the function of the Ileum

Answer 9

Absorbs bile acids, fluid, and vitamin B-12

Question 10

What anatomy of the small intestine increases surface area?

Answer 10

The villi and microvilli

Question 11

What is celiac disease and how does it affect a person? How is it treated?

Answer 11

Immune reaction to gluten that damages the lining of the small intestine. Strict gluten free diet to promote intestinal healing.

Question 12

What is the Mesentery?

Answer 12

Fold of the small intestine membrane that attaches intestine to abdominal wall and holds it in place. Its highly vascularized and a depot for fat.

Question 13

What is the function of the colon?

Answer 13

Absorption of water, vitamins, and electrolytes from chyme.
Forms and propels feces toward rectum for elimination.

Question 14

What is the role of colonic bacteria?

Answer 14

Produce vitamins by fermentation which are absorbed into the blood
Digestion of breast milk
Digesting fiber
Aids in the Immune system
Aids in brain health

Question 15

What is constipation and how do you treat it?

Answer 15

Having < 3 bowel movement a week
caused by lack of fiber, exercise, medications, IBS, ignoring the urge, and lack of water
Treated with fiber consumption (fruits and veggies), exercise, and laxatives.

Question 16

What is diarrhea and how is it treated?

Answer 16

Loose watery stools
caused by bacterial and viral infections, food intolerance, parasites, medications, intestinal diseases and functional bowel disorders
treated by replenishing water and electrolytes

Question 17

What is diverticulosis?

Answer 17

Pockets in the colon due to weakness of the muscle layers in colon wall
Caused by aging, low fiber diet, obesity, inactivity, etc.
Treated with a high fiber diet that promotes faster bowel movements.

Question 18

What are hemorrhoids and how are they treated?

Answer 18

Piles (swollen veins in anus and lower rectum)
Caused by pressure on veins from colon, lack of dietary fiber, sitting for too long, and pregnancy.
Treated with a high fiber diet + fluids, physical activity, don’t wait to poop.

Question 19

After glucose is carried to the liver where may it go?

Answer 19

Used for energy
stored as glycogen
stored as fat
used for non-essential amino acids
released into the blood

Question 20

Where can insulin go to?

Answer 20

Pancreas, Liver, Muscle, and adipose tissue

Question 21

What is the role of insulin in muscle?

Answer 21

1.Insulin attaches to IR
2. Transports glucose, amino acids and
fatty acids (FA) into cell
3. Stimulates synthesis: glycogen and fat
from glucose; proteins from amino acids
4. Sensitivity and number of Muscle IR
depends on movement
5. Exercise increases glucose uptake
through non-insulin mechanisms
(passive uptake)

Question 22

What is role of insulin in adipose tissue?

Answer 22

1. Insulin attaches to IR
2. Transports glucose and FA
   into the cell
3. Stimulates the synthesis of
   fat from glucose
4. Sensitivity of insulin and
   sympathetic receptors
   depend on size of adipose
   tissue

Question 23

What is role of insulin in the liver?

Answer 23

1. Transport of glucose not insulin dependent
2. Stimulates synthesis of glycogen and triglycerides/fat
3. Inhibits glucose synthesis.

Question 24

What causes diabetes?

Answer 24

Glucose dysregulation which leads to hyperglycemia.

Question 25

How is diabetes diagnosed?

Answer 25

Oral Glucose tolerance test (OGTT)
After fasting and then drinking 75 g of glucose. after 2 hrs if bgl is > 200, diabetes is diagnosed.

Question 26

What is type one diabetes caused by?

Answer 26

The pancreas failing to produce insulin

Question 27

What is type 2 diabetes caused by?

Answer 27

Cells do not respond to insulin properly and the insulin cannot bind as normal.

Question 28

How does adipose tissue respond to chronic energy excess? What diabetes is this?

Answer 28

The adipose tissue has an infiltration of proinflammatory immune cells which contribute to insulin resistance, impaired glucose and lipid metabolism, and low-grade systemic inflammation.

Question 29

What is gestational diabetes?

Answer 29

Diabetes that occurs in late pregnancy caused by placental hormones causing macrosomia.