Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main layers of the skin?

A

Epidermis and Dermis

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2
Q

What is the deepest layer of the integumentary system?

A

Hypodermis

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3
Q

What is the epidermis composed of?

A

keratinzed, stratified squamous epithelium

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4
Q

How many layers are in the epidermis?

A

4 or 5 depending on location in the body

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5
Q

What are the layers of the epidermis?

A

Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum (only in thick skin)
Stratum granulosum
Stratum basale
(melanocytes)

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6
Q

What is the Stratum Basale (stratum germinativum)?

A

Lowest layer of the epidermis; is a single layer if cuboidal mitotic stem cells that give rise to keratinocytes.
10-25% are melanocytes
some tactile and epidermal dendritic cells

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7
Q

What layer of the epidermis forms the patterns for fingerprints?

A

Stratum Basale

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8
Q

What is the Stratum Spinosum?

A

The prickly layer of the skin above the stratum basale.
Has 8-10 layers of keratinocytes
Melanin granules and dendritic cells are most abundant here

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9
Q

What is the Stratum Granulosum?

A

Also known as the Granular layer, this is the third deepest layer of the epidermis.
Only has 3-5 rows of flattened cells
Cells undergo keratinization in this layer due to its distance from the dermis.

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10
Q

What is keratinization?

A

Flattening of cells and disinegration of nuclei and organelles.

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11
Q

What do keratohyaline granules aid in?

A

Cell dehydration, crosslinking keratin (intermediate) filaments, and kertanization.

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12
Q

What do keratohyaline granules aid in?

A

Cell dehydration, crosslinking keratin (intermediate) filaments, and kertanization.

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13
Q

What is the Stratum Lucidum?

A

Thin, transparent band above the stratum granulosum.
Consists of 2-3 rows of dead keratoncytes.
Clear appearance due to eledin.

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14
Q

What is the Stratum Corneum?

A

AKA the horny layer; has 20-30 cell layers of horny scales made up of dead keratinocytes.
Offers biological, chemical, and physical protection

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15
Q

Why is the Stratum Corneum water resistant?

A

Glyco protiens

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16
Q

What are the cells of the epidermis?

A

Keratinocytes
Merkel Cells
Langerhans Cells
Melanocytes

17
Q

What are Melanocytes?

A

Produce brown pigment (melanin) in response to UVB light.
Located b/w cells of stratum basale

18
Q

What is albinism?

A

Lack of melanin, leaving individuals defenseless against sun cancer.
Can be caused by defect in enzyme used to make melanin.

19
Q

What is vitiligo?

A

When Melanocytes die or unable to function
Often caused by autoimmune reasons
Can be treated by transplanting melanocytes.

20
Q

What is bronze diabetes?

A

When there is too much iron in the body associated with hemochromatosis

21
Q

What are the layers of the dermis?

A

Papillary and Reticular

22
Q

What is the papillary layer of the dermis?

A

Superior surface contains peg like projections called dermal papillae

23
Q

What are Merkel Cells?

A

touch receptors, membranes intact with free nerve endings.

24
Q

What are Langerhans Cells

A

dendritic cells, epidermal macrophages.

25
Q

What are Cleavage (tension) lines?

A

Important skin patterns to how the body heals.
A parallel cut remains shut and heals well, a cut across pulls open and scars

26
Q

How are cleavage (tension) lines formed?

A

by the collagen and elastic fibers in the dermis that are arranged in parallel bundles and resist force in a specific direction.

27
Q

What composes the reticular layer of the dermis?

A

Dense connective tissue
Collagen fibers add strength and resiliency to skin
Elastin fibers provide stretch and recoil properties.

28
Q

What is the Hypodermis?

A

Mainly adipose tissue; its a shock absorber, insulator, and stores energy.
It is a subcutaneous layer that is deep in the skin (superficial fascia)
Areolar tissue connects skin to underlying structures (muscle)

29
Q

How does the integumentary system provide protection?

A

Chemically - low pH secretions retard bacterial activity (sebum and sweat), melanin provides UV protection.
Physically - keratin and glycolipids prevent entry and loss of fluids.
Biological - immune cells attack foreign substances (dendritic cells)

30
Q

How does the skin sense temperature?

A

Thermoreceptors aka ruffini

31
Q

How does skin sense touch?

A

Merkel discs
Meissners corpiuscles (light touch)
hair follicules.

32
Q

How does skin detect pressure?

A

Pacinian Corpuscles (deep pressure and adapts quickly)

33
Q

How does skin detect pain?

A

Free nerve endings

34
Q

What is the metabolic function of the skin?

A

Produces vitamin D precursor
Activates steroid hormones