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Biomedicine 1 > Skeletal system > Flashcards

Skeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomical position

A

Body position from which directional terms refers to person stands erect, palms forward, feet parallel flat on floor, arms at side

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2
Q

Body parts; Arm and shoulder

A

Arm and shoulder bones = Clavicle, Scapula, Humerus, Ulna, Radius, Carpals, Metacarpals, Phalanges

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3
Q

Body parts; Leg

A

Leg bones = femur, tibia, fibula, patella, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges)

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4
Q

Body parts; Pelvic girdle

A

Pelvis = hip bones and sacrum and coccyx

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5
Q

Body parts; Skull; Fontanelles

A

Fibrous sutures (soft spots) on a baby’s head joining the skull bones together. Ossify at 12-18m. Allows baby’s head through birth canal

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6
Q

Body parts; Thoracic cage and ribs

A

Consists of sternum and 12 ribs

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7
Q

Body parts; Vertebral column

A

Protect spinal cord, movement, supports skull, forms axis of trunk. 24 movable vertebrae; cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum & coccyx

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8
Q

Bone Matrix

A

Contains an extracellular matrix made from collagen & minerals (calcium. phosphate, magnesium, sulphate, potassium)
Contribute to hardness of bone.

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9
Q

Bone parts; Compact bone

A

80% of the skeleton is compact bone. It is strong and forms the external layer of all bones. It makes up the bulk of the diaphysis (shaft) of long bones. A structural unit of compound bone is an ‘osteon’

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10
Q

Bone parts; Periosteum (structure and function);

A

External surface of bone (when not covered by cartilage). Double layered membrane. Protects bone & attaches ligaments & tendons

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11
Q

Bone parts; Spongy bone

A

Consists of an irregular lattice of thin columns (trabeculae) to help make bones lighter and can be filled with bone marrow
Found at the end of long bones, ribs, skull, pelvic bones, vertebrae

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12
Q

Bone types; Flat bones

A

Two plates of compact bone (e.g. skull, scapula)

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13
Q

Bone types; Long bones

A

Bones that have a greater length than width. Contain a shaft; diaphysis and two heads; epiphysis (e.g. femur, tibia)

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14
Q

Bone types; Sesamoid bone

A

Small round sesame seed shape bone (e.g. patella)

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15
Q

Bone types; Short bones

A

Cube shaped bone (e.g. carpals, tarsals)

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16
Q

Bones types; Irregular bones

A

Complex shapes (e.g. vertebrae)

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17
Q

Cells; Osteoblasts

A

Bone building cells; synthesis and secrete collagen and other components of bony matrix
Turn into osteocytes (mature cell)

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18
Q

Cells; Osteoclasts

A

Huge cells made of 50 monocytes (WBC); digest and reabsorb the breakdown of bone matrix. Osteoblasts and osteoclasts work together to remodel bone throughout life

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19
Q

Cells; Osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells; maintain the daily metabolism of bone, such as nutrient exchange
They are found in small spaces within bone called lacuna

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20
Q

Cells; Osteogenic cells

A

Bone stem cells

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21
Q

Directional terms;
Medial

A

Nearer to midline

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22
Q

Directional terms; Anterior (ventral)

A

Nearer the front

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23
Q

Directional terms; Bilateral

A

Both sides

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24
Q

Directional terms; Contralateral

A

On the opposite side

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25
Q

Directional terms; Distal

A

Further from the trunk

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26
Q

Directional terms; Inferior

A

Towards the bottom

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27
Q

Directional terms; Ipsilateral

A

On the same side

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28
Q

Directional terms; Lateral

A

Away from midline

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29
Q

Directional terms; Posterior (dorsal)

A

Nearer the back

30
Q

Directional terms; Proximal

A

Nearer to the trunk

31
Q

Directional terms; Superior

A

Towards the top

32
Q

Directional terms; Unilateral

A

One side

33
Q

Homeostasis (bone);

A

Hypocalcaemia (low blood calcium) = osteoclasts break down bone and release calcium into the blood
Hypercalcaemia (raised blood calcium) = osteoblast activity increases (takes calcium back into bone).
Calcium exchanges is regulated by the parathyroid glands and the thyroid gland.

34
Q

Hormones (bone);

A

Many hormones affect bone growth and remodelling (density) by altering the ratio of osteoblast to osteoclast activity;
Promote osteoblast (bone formation) = growth hormone, thyroid hormone, oestrogen, testosterone, calcitonin
Promote osteoclast activity (bone loss) = parathyroid hormone, cortisol

35
Q

Hormones; Calcitonin

A

Hormone that lowers blood calcium levels & increases bone formation. Inhibits osteoclasts & promotes osteoblasts. Secreted by para-follicle cells of the thyroid gland

36
Q

Hormones; Parathyroid hormones

A

Increase blood calcium (promotes osteoclasts activity, stimulates kidneys to reabsorb/retain calcium in blood & increases formation of calcitriol

37
Q

Joints

A

Connect two bony structures & permit varying degrees of movement. 3 types of joint; fibrous, cartilaginous & synovial joints

38
Q

Joints; Bursa

A

Closed, fluid filled sac-like structures that are located next to tendons near large joints (shoulders, elbows, hips, knees) and act as a cushion and gliding surface to reduce friction between tissues of the body (purse/pouch)

39
Q

Joints; Cartilaginous

A

Articulating bones tightly connected by cartilage; permit little or no movements e.g. epiphyseal growth plate, intervertebral discs

40
Q

Joints; Fibrous joints

A

Bones are held tightly together permitted limited movement e.g. sutures in skull

41
Q

Joints; Synovial joints

A

Contain synovial fluid; permit the most movement e.g. ball and socket joints (shoulder and hip) and hinge (elbow and knee)

42
Q

Lone bones; Epiphysis

A

Proximal and distal ends of long bones.. Contains thin compact bone covered by cartilage and inner spongy bone with bone marrow
The epithelial growth plate spectates the epiphysis from the diaphysis

43
Q

Long bones; Diaphysis

A

The tubular shaft of long bones. Outer compact bone covered by periosteum
The inner part contains the medullary canal which contains bone marrow

44
Q

Long bones; Epiphyseal growth plate

A

Separates the diaphysis and epiphysis. Made of a layer of cartilage that allows the diaphysis to grow in length).
It is only found in children and adolescents. In adults, who have stopped growing, it is replaced by an epiphyseal line.

45
Q

Movements; Angular

A

Flexion, extension, rotation, lateral flexion, abduction, adduction, circumduction

46
Q

Movements; Special

A

Elevation, depression, protraction, retraction, inversion, eversion, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, supination, pronation, opposition

47
Q

Myelo

A

Bone marrow

48
Q

Ossification

A

Bone formation. Two types; intramembranous and endochondral

Intramembranous ossification; Bone develops from connective tissue sheets. All flat bones and the clavicles develop this way

Endochondral ossification; Bone develops by replacing hyaline cartilage

49
Q

Osteo

A

Bone

50
Q

Osteon (compact bone); Canaliculi

A

A mini system of interconnected canals that provides a route for nutrients / waste

51
Q

Osteon (compact bone); Haversian canal

A

Contains blood vessels and nerves

52
Q

Osteon (compact bone); Lacunae

A

Small spaces called lacunae with osteocytes

53
Q

Osteon (compact bone); Lamellae

A

Concentric rings of calcified extracellular matrix containing minerals and collagen

54
Q

Osteon (compact bone)

A

A structural unit of compact bone, containing four parts: haversian canal, lamellae, canaliculi, lacunae

55
Q

Osteophytes

A

Bone spurs

56
Q

Planes; Horizontal/transverse plane

A

Separating the body top and bottom

57
Q

Planes; Coronal / frontal plate

A

Separating the body front and back

58
Q

Planes; Sagittal plane

A

Separating the body left and right

59
Q

Skeletal muscles

A

Muscles that attach to bone and move joints. Voluntary striated muscles.

60
Q

Skeleton; Appendicular

A

Distal / limbs of skeleton. Movement & organ protection. Contains 126 bones (areas, shoulder girdle, arm/hand, pelvis girdle, leg/foot)

61
Q

Skeleton; Axial

A

Central skeleton. Protects body’s most vital organs. Contains 80 bones (skull, inner ear bones, hyoid, thoracic cage, vert. column)

62
Q

Skull

A

Forms the cranium (upper head) and face and encapsulates the brain. Joined with fibrous joints (sutures)

63
Q

Skull; Sinuses

A

Air filled cavities in the skull – give resonance to voice and lighten bones of face / cranium
Inc. frontal (forehead), ethmoid (bridge of nose/between eyes), maxillary (ended eyes/cheek bones), and sphenoid sinuses (inside ear/top jaw line)

64
Q

Vertebral column; Cervical vertebrae

A

Top of the vertebral column. Contains 7 vertebrae. Position C1-C7

65
Q

Vertebral column; Thoracic Vertebra

A

Second of the vertebral column. Contains 12 vertebrae. Position T1-T12

66
Q

Vertebral column; Lumbar vertebrae

A

Third of the vertebral column. Contains 5 vertebrae. Position L1-L5

67
Q

Vertebral column; Sacrum & coccyx vertebrae

A

Bottom of the vertebral column. Fused bones.

68
Q

Vertebral column; Intervertebral discs

A

Shock absorbing structures / discs in between vertebrae (total 23)

69
Q

Vitamin D

A

Important for calcium homeostasis and bone metabolism.
Facilitates calcium absorption in the intestines and involved in bone turnover (works closely with Vit K2)

70
Q

Vitamin D; Calcitriol

A

Active form of Vitamin D (promotes calcium uptake from food in the intestines)

71
Q

Vitamin K2

A

Activates a protein called ‘osteocalcin’, which controls utilisation of calcium in the body (works closely with Vit D3)

72
Q

Skeleton functions;

A

Supports framework for the body
Forms boundaries (skull)
Attachment for muscles and tendons
Permits movement (joints)
Haematopoiesis - formation and development of blood cells from the red bone marrow
Mineral homeostasis (mostly calcium & phosphate- also magnesium)
Triglyceride storage (yellow bone marrow)

Skeleton contains 206 bones

Biomedicine 1 (39 decks)

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