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Biomedicine 1 > Skeletal system > Flashcards

Skeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomical position

A

Body position from which directional terms refers to person stands erect, palms forward, feet parallel flat on floor, arms at side

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2
Q

Body parts; Arm and shoulder

A

Arm and shoulder bones = Clavicle, Scapula, Humerus, Ulna, Radius, Carpals, Metacarpals, Phalanges

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3
Q

Body parts; Leg

A

Leg bones = femur, tibia, fibula, patella, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges)

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4
Q

Body parts; Pelvic girdle

A

Pelvis = hip bones and sacrum and coccyx

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5
Q

Body parts; Skull; Fontanelles

A

Fibrous sutures (soft spots) on a baby’s head joining the skull bones together. Ossify at 12-18m. Allows baby’s head through birth canal

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6
Q

Body parts; Thoracic cage and ribs

A

Consists of sternum and 12 ribs

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7
Q

Body parts; Vertebral column

A

Protect spinal cord, movement, supports skull, forms axis of trunk. 24 movable vertebrae; cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum & coccyx

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8
Q

Bone Matrix

A

Contains an extracellular matrix made from collagen & minerals (calcium. phosphate, magnesium, sulphate, potassium)
Contribute to hardness of bone.

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9
Q

Bone parts; Compact bone

A

80% of the skeleton is compact bone. It is strong and forms the external layer of all bones. It makes up the bulk of the diaphysis (shaft) of long bones. A structural unit of compound bone is an ‘osteon’

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10
Q

Bone parts; Periosteum (structure and function);

A

External surface of bone (when not covered by cartilage). Double layered membrane. Protects bone & attaches ligaments & tendons

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11
Q

Bone parts; Spongy bone

A

Consists of an irregular lattice of thin columns (trabeculae) to help make bones lighter and can be filled with bone marrow
Found at the end of long bones, ribs, skull, pelvic bones, vertebrae

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12
Q

Bone types; Flat bones

A

Two plates of compact bone (e.g. skull, scapula)

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13
Q

Bone types; Long bones

A

Bones that have a greater length than width. Contain a shaft; diaphysis and two heads; epiphysis (e.g. femur, tibia)

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14
Q

Bone types; Sesamoid bone

A

Small round sesame seed shape bone (e.g. patella)

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15
Q

Bone types; Short bones

A

Cube shaped bone (e.g. carpals, tarsals)

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16
Q

Bones types; Irregular bones

A

Complex shapes (e.g. vertebrae)

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17
Q

Cells; Osteoblasts

A

Bone building cells; synthesis and secrete collagen and other components of bony matrix
Turn into osteocytes (mature cell)

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18
Q

Cells; Osteoclasts

A

Huge cells made of 50 monocytes (WBC); digest and reabsorb the breakdown of bone matrix. Osteoblasts and osteoclasts work together to remodel bone throughout life

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19
Q

Cells; Osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells; maintain the daily metabolism of bone, such as nutrient exchange
They are found in small spaces within bone called lacuna

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20
Q

Cells; Osteogenic cells

A

Bone stem cells

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21
Q

Directional terms;
Medial

A

Nearer to midline

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22
Q

Directional terms; Anterior (ventral)

A

Nearer the front

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23
Q

Directional terms; Bilateral

A

Both sides

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24
Q

Directional terms; Contralateral

A

On the opposite side

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25
Directional terms; Distal
Further from the trunk
26
Directional terms; Inferior
Towards the bottom
27
Directional terms; Ipsilateral
On the same side
28
Directional terms; Lateral
Away from midline
29
Directional terms; Posterior (dorsal)
Nearer the back
30
Directional terms; Proximal
Nearer to the trunk
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Directional terms; Superior
Towards the top
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Directional terms; Unilateral
One side
33
Homeostasis (bone);
Hypocalcaemia (low blood calcium) = osteoclasts break down bone and release calcium into the blood Hypercalcaemia (raised blood calcium) = osteoblast activity increases (takes calcium back into bone). Calcium exchanges is regulated by the parathyroid glands and the thyroid gland.
34
Hormones (bone);
Many hormones affect bone growth and remodelling (density) by altering the ratio of osteoblast to osteoclast activity; Promote osteoblast (bone formation) = growth hormone, thyroid hormone, oestrogen, testosterone, calcitonin Promote osteoclast activity (bone loss) = parathyroid hormone, cortisol
35
Hormones; Calcitonin
Hormone that lowers blood calcium levels & increases bone formation. Inhibits osteoclasts & promotes osteoblasts. Secreted by para-follicle cells of the thyroid gland
36
Hormones; Parathyroid hormones
Increase blood calcium (promotes osteoclasts activity, stimulates kidneys to reabsorb/retain calcium in blood & increases formation of calcitriol
37
Joints
Connect two bony structures & permit varying degrees of movement. 3 types of joint; fibrous, cartilaginous & synovial joints
38
Joints; Bursa
Closed, fluid filled sac-like structures that are located next to tendons near large joints (shoulders, elbows, hips, knees) and act as a cushion and gliding surface to reduce friction between tissues of the body (purse/pouch)
39
Joints; Cartilaginous
Articulating bones tightly connected by cartilage; permit little or no movements e.g. epiphyseal growth plate, intervertebral discs
40
Joints; Fibrous joints
Bones are held tightly together permitted limited movement e.g. sutures in skull
41
Joints; Synovial joints
Contain synovial fluid; permit the most movement e.g. ball and socket joints (shoulder and hip) and hinge (elbow and knee)
42
Lone bones; Epiphysis
Proximal and distal ends of long bones.. Contains thin compact bone covered by cartilage and inner spongy bone with bone marrow The epithelial growth plate spectates the epiphysis from the diaphysis
43
Long bones; Diaphysis
The tubular shaft of long bones. Outer compact bone covered by periosteum The inner part contains the medullary canal which contains bone marrow
44
Long bones; Epiphyseal growth plate
Separates the diaphysis and epiphysis. Made of a layer of cartilage that allows the diaphysis to grow in length). It is only found in children and adolescents. In adults, who have stopped growing, it is replaced by an epiphyseal line.
45
Movements; Angular
Flexion, extension, rotation, lateral flexion, abduction, adduction, circumduction
46
Movements; Special
Elevation, depression, protraction, retraction, inversion, eversion, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, supination, pronation, opposition
47
Myelo
Bone marrow
48
Ossification
Bone formation. Two types; intramembranous and endochondral Intramembranous ossification; Bone develops from connective tissue sheets. All flat bones and the clavicles develop this way Endochondral ossification; Bone develops by replacing hyaline cartilage
49
Osteo
Bone
50
Osteon (compact bone); Canaliculi
A mini system of interconnected canals that provides a route for nutrients / waste
51
Osteon (compact bone); Haversian canal
Contains blood vessels and nerves
52
Osteon (compact bone); Lacunae
Small spaces called lacunae with osteocytes
53
Osteon (compact bone); Lamellae
Concentric rings of calcified extracellular matrix containing minerals and collagen
54
Osteon (compact bone)
A structural unit of compact bone, containing four parts: haversian canal, lamellae, canaliculi, lacunae
55
Osteophytes
Bone spurs
56
Planes; Horizontal/transverse plane
Separating the body top and bottom
57
Planes; Coronal / frontal plate
Separating the body front and back
58
Planes; Sagittal plane
Separating the body left and right
59
Skeletal muscles
Muscles that attach to bone and move joints. Voluntary striated muscles.
60
Skeleton; Appendicular
Distal / limbs of skeleton. Movement & organ protection. Contains 126 bones (areas, shoulder girdle, arm/hand, pelvis girdle, leg/foot)
61
Skeleton; Axial
Central skeleton. Protects body’s most vital organs. Contains 80 bones (skull, inner ear bones, hyoid, thoracic cage, vert. column)
62
Skull
Forms the cranium (upper head) and face and encapsulates the brain. Joined with fibrous joints (sutures)
63
Skull; Sinuses
Air filled cavities in the skull – give resonance to voice and lighten bones of face / cranium Inc. frontal (forehead), ethmoid (bridge of nose/between eyes), maxillary (ended eyes/cheek bones), and sphenoid sinuses (inside ear/top jaw line)
64
Vertebral column; Cervical vertebrae
Top of the vertebral column. Contains 7 vertebrae. Position C1-C7
65
Vertebral column; Thoracic Vertebra
Second of the vertebral column. Contains 12 vertebrae. Position T1-T12
66
Vertebral column; Lumbar vertebrae
Third of the vertebral column. Contains 5 vertebrae. Position L1-L5
67
Vertebral column; Sacrum & coccyx vertebrae
Bottom of the vertebral column. Fused bones.
68
Vertebral column; Intervertebral discs
Shock absorbing structures / discs in between vertebrae (total 23)
69
Vitamin D
Important for calcium homeostasis and bone metabolism. Facilitates calcium absorption in the intestines and involved in bone turnover (works closely with Vit K2)
70
Vitamin D; Calcitriol
Active form of Vitamin D (promotes calcium uptake from food in the intestines)
71
Vitamin K2
Activates a protein called ‘osteocalcin’, which controls utilisation of calcium in the body (works closely with Vit D3)
72
Skeleton functions;
Supports framework for the body Forms boundaries (skull) Attachment for muscles and tendons Permits movement (joints) Haematopoiesis - formation and development of blood cells from the red bone marrow Mineral homeostasis (mostly calcium & phosphate- also magnesium) Triglyceride storage (yellow bone marrow) Skeleton contains 206 bones

Biomedicine 1 (39 decks)

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