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Biomedicine 1 > Cardiovascular system 1 (blood) > Flashcards

Cardiovascular system 1 (blood) Flashcards

1
Q

Anti-Coagulants

A

Something that stops clotting (anti =against coagulant = clotting)
Heparin is a natural coagulant produced by mast cells & basophils

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2
Q

Bilirubin

A

A pigment that is formed from the breakdown of haem. Formed in the spleen, bone marrow and liver. Conjugated in liver to be excreted in GIT

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3
Q

Blood

A

A fluid type of connective tissue; composed of plasma (55%) and cells (45%). 7% of body weight. Average males = 5.6L, females = 4.5L blood. Contributes to homeostasis; transports oxygen, CO2, nutrients, waste products & hormones, regulate pH & temperature, helps immune function

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4
Q

Blood groups

A

An individual’s combination of erythrocyte surface antigens (located in cell membrane). There are numerous blood group systems (over 40), the two most important are ABO & rhesus

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5
Q

Blood groups; ABO system

A

Blood group, based on two antigens; A & B. Those who have erythrocytes display antigen A have blood group A, antigen B is blood group B. Both A & B are AB. Neither are O. Blood plasma contains antibodies that react with A or B antigens if the two are mixed. Anti-A antibody reacts with antigen A, etc.

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6
Q

Blood group AB+

A

Universal recipient = because the recipient blood plasma contains no antibodies against either A or B or rhesus antigens that could be donated.

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7
Q

Blood group O-

A

Universal donor = because erythrocytes have neither A or B or rhesus antigens for antibodies to attach to

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8
Q

Blood group Rhesus

A

Rhesus antigen (rhesus factor) is a surface antigen found on erythrocytes. Those with Rh antigens are rhesus +, those lacking are Rh -. Rh+ is the dominant gene – inherited. Anti Rh antibodies are produced in Rh- individuals ONLY if they come into contact with Rh antigen (blood-pregnancy/transfusion)

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9
Q

Cells: cell lines;

A

All blood cells develop through myeloid or lymphoid cell line.

Myeloid linage inc. erythrocytes, platelets, and myeloblasts (Basophil, Neutrophil, Eosinophil, Monocyte)

Lymphoid linage inc. Lymphocytes, B. lymphocytes and NK cells

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10
Q

Cells; Pluripotent stem cells

A

All blood cells originate from these in the red bone marrow.

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11
Q

Cells: Erythrocytes (Red blood cells)

A

RBC (86% blood volume). Bi concave, non-nucleated cells. Transport oxygen. Each erythrocyte has 280 million Hb
(erytho = red, cyte = cell).

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12
Q

Cells: Leukocytes (White blood cells)

A

WBC (1% blood volume); function to defend body against infection (e.g. by bacteria, viruses, fungi) and foreign particles. Inc. 5 different types: neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes.

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13
Q

Cells; Thrombocytes (Platelets)

A

Platelets (1-2% blood volume). Small non-nucleated discs produced in bone marrow and results from fractionation of bone marrow megakaryocytes.
Lifespan 10days.
Involved in blood clotting, prevent blood loss. (thrombo = blood clot).

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14
Q

Cells: Leukocytes; Granulocytes;

A

WBC with granules in the cytosol. Include Neutrophils, Basophils/mast cells, Eosinophils.

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15
Q

Cells: Leukocytes; Agranulocytes

A

WBC (without granules in the cytosol). Include Monocytes/Macrophages, Lymphocytes

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16
Q

Cells: Leukocytes; Neutrophils

A

60% of WBC. Function = phagocytosis; ingest and destroy microbes (lysosomes digest microbes)

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17
Q

Cells: Leukocytes; Eosinophils (Leukocytes)

A

2-4% of WBC. Function = eliminate parasites & modulate hypersensitivity reactions (allergies) through phagocytosis (release proteins that exert anti-parasitic effects)

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18
Q

Cells: Leukocytes; Basophils/Mast cells

A

1% of WBC. In blood = basophils. In tissue = mast cells. Function = inflammation release histamine and heparin from granules. Histamine (dilates blood vessels, heparin is an anti-coagulant. Not phagocytic

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19
Q

Cells: Leukocytes; Monocytes/Macrophages

A

6% of WBC. In blood; monocytes. In tissue; macrophages. Function = Inflammation and repair through 1) phagocytosis - ingest and destroy cellular debris & pathogens. 2) Activate other immune cells via antigen presentation

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20
Q

Cells: Leukocytes; Lymphocytes

A

30% of WBC. Inc. B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes and Natural Killer (NK) cells. B- and T-lymphocytes (in blood and lymph system) critical for immunity against specific antigens and production of immunological memory

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21
Q

Cells: Leukocytes; B-lymphocytes

A

Part of WBC (lymphocytes) – produce an immune response by producing antibodies (immunoglobulins)

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22
Q

Cells: Leukocytes;
T-lymphocytes

A

Part of WBC (lymphocytes) – invade pathogens – specifically

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23
Q

Cells: lymphocytes; Natural Killer cells (NK)

A

Part of WBC (lymphocytes) – invade pathogens – non specifically

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24
Q

Clotting stages

A

4 stages = 1) vasoconstriction, 2) platelet plug formation, 3) coagulation, 4) fibrinolysis

1) Vasoconstriction: 1st stage: Damaged blood vessels, smooth muscle contracts = vasoconstriction. Thromboxane (chemical mediator) triggers spasm & attracts platelets.

2) platelet plug formation; 2nd stage: Platelets stick to damaged wall. Platelets become sticky and form platelet plug. Platelets activate formation of thrombin

3) coagulation; Stage 3: The enzyme thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin. Fibrin forms a mesh, which erythrocytes get caught in and clot forms

4) fibrinolysis; 4th stage; Breakdown of clot. Enzyme plasmin dissolves clot by digesting fibrin and inactivating fibrinogen and thrombin (fibrin = fibre, lysis = dissolution)

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25
Q

Clotting; Plasmin

A

Enzyme that digests fibrin and inactivates fibrinogen and thrombin and dissolves blood clot as part of blood clotting process

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26
Q

Clotting; Thrombin

A

Enzyme that converts fibrinogen to fibrin as part of the blood clotting process

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27
Q

Erythrocytosis

A

Too many RBC’s

28
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

The formation of erythrocytes. Occurs in the red-bone marrow
(requires B12, folate (B9) and Iron)

29
Q

Haematocrit

A

Percentage of blood made up of RBC
47% male
42% female (more efficient at holding onto oxygen)

30
Q

Haematoma

A

Blood collecting / pooling outside the blood vessel

31
Q

Haematopoiesis

A

Production of all blood cells (all blood cells originate from a haematopoietic a stem cell)
Includes erythrocytes, leukocytes and thrombocytes

32
Q

Haematuria

A

Blood in urine

33
Q

Haemoglobin (Hb)

A

Carries oxygen & carbon dioxide. (Haem=blood, globin=spherical protein)
One Hb molecule consist of 4 polypeptide chains (globin), each chain is bound to pigment called ‘haem’, which contains iron. Each Hb carries 4xO2 molecules

34
Q

Haemoglobin
Foetal (HBF)

A

Polypeptide chains (globlin) in Hb.
Composed of two a (alpha) and two y (gamma) sub units

35
Q

Haemoglobin Adult (HbA)

A

Carries oxygen in blood, Polypeptide chains (globlin) in Hb.
Composed of two a (alpha) and two B (beta) sub-units

36
Q

Haemolysis

A

Break down of RBC’s – the destruction of erythrocytes to release haemoglobin into plasma

37
Q

Haemolytic

A

Blood destruction
(haem=blood, lysis=destruction).

38
Q

Haemophilia

A

Tendency to bleed

39
Q

Haemotology

A

Study of blood

40
Q

Heparin

A

Natural coagulant produced by mast cells / basophils

41
Q

Histamine

A

Dilates blood vessels, produced by mast cells / basophils

42
Q

Hormone; Thrombopoietin

A

Thrombocytes are produced under influence of thrombopoietin (mostly from liver)

43
Q

Hormones; Erythropoietin (EPO)

A

Hormone that triggers Erythropoiesis (from the kidneys, which stimulates erythropoiesis in the bone marrow)

44
Q

Hypoxia

A

Low oxygen levels. Stimulates the secretion of hormone erythropoietin (EPO). (hypo=below normal, oxy=oxygen)

45
Q

Iron

A

Essential component of haemoglobin. Required for erythrocyte formation.

46
Q

Leukocytosis

A

Increase in leukocytes

47
Q

Megakaryoblasts

A

Huge immature cells that transform into megakaryocytes
(thrombo = clot, mega = large, blasts = immature cells)

48
Q

Megakaryocytes

A

Huge cells break into 2000-3000 fragments = thrombocytes.

49
Q

Neutropenia

A

Low number of neutrophils WBC in your blood

50
Q

Plasma (fluid)

A

55% of blood. Fluid within blood. Yellow-coloured liquid that remains when cells are removed from blood. Consists of; water (91%), proteins (7%), mineral salts (0.9%), nutrients (glucose, vitamins), waste materials, hormones (oestrogen, cortisol, thyroid, testosterone), enzymes, gases

51
Q

Plasma proteins

A

The majority of plasma proteins are synthesised by liver cells (hepatocytes). Include; Albumin (55%), Globulins (38%), Fibrinogen (7%)

52
Q

Plasma protein; Albumin

A

Smallest and most numerous plasma protein (55%). Carrier of substances (lipids, steroid hormones). Maintains osmotic pressure

53
Q

Plasma protein; Globulins

A

38% of blood plasma proteins. Helps with immunity – immunoglobulins (antibodies); secreted by B cells, transport iron, lipids and vitamins. 3 x Globolins; Alpha & Beta, (transport), Gamma (immunoglobulins)

54
Q

Plasma protein; Fibrinogen

A

7% of blood plasma proteins. AKA clotting factor one. Essential for blood clotting. Converted into fibrin during blood clotting

55
Q

Plasma Nutrients

A

Products of digestion pass into the blood for distribution to all body cells, inc. simple sugars (carbohydrates), amino acids, fats/oils, vitamins. The main mineral components are cations (+ charged ions; sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium), anions (-charged ions; chlorides, bicarbonates, phosphates)

56
Q

Plasma waste products

A

Urea (protein breakdown), creatinine (bi-product - muscle metabolism), uric acid (breakdown of purines), carbon dioxide (cell metabolism)

57
Q

Plasma Hormones

A

Chemical messengers carried by blood

58
Q

Plasma Enzymes

A

Catalysts for biochemical reactions in the body

59
Q

Plasma Gases

A

Oxygen (O2) and Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

60
Q

Polycythaemia

A

Too many RBC.s

61
Q

Reactive oxygen species (ROS)

A

Highly reactive / unstable molecule that contains oxygen and reacts with other molecules in a cell (a subset of free radicals).
A build up can cause damage to DNA and RNA and proteins and may cause cell death.

62
Q

Synthesis

A

Production

63
Q

Tachycardia

A

Fast heartrate

64
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

Low platelet count

65
Q

Thromboxane

A

Chemical mediator that triggers spasm

66
Q

Vitamin K

A

Fat soluble vitamin responsible for making 4 clotting factors

67
Q

Cells: WBC: myeloblasts

A

Myeloblast: Originates from myeloid cell line (blast = germ (immature cell)).
Includes: Basophil, Neutrophil, Eosinophil, Monocyte cells

Biomedicine 1 (39 decks)

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