Cardiovascular system 1 (blood) Flashcards
Anti-Coagulants
Something that stops clotting (anti =against coagulant = clotting)
Heparin is a natural coagulant produced by mast cells & basophils
Bilirubin
A pigment that is formed from the breakdown of haem. Formed in the spleen, bone marrow and liver. Conjugated in liver to be excreted in GIT
Blood
A fluid type of connective tissue; composed of plasma (55%) and cells (45%). 7% of body weight. Average males = 5.6L, females = 4.5L blood. Contributes to homeostasis; transports oxygen, CO2, nutrients, waste products & hormones, regulate pH & temperature, helps immune function
Blood groups
An individual’s combination of erythrocyte surface antigens (located in cell membrane). There are numerous blood group systems (over 40), the two most important are ABO & rhesus
Blood groups; ABO system
Blood group, based on two antigens; A & B. Those who have erythrocytes display antigen A have blood group A, antigen B is blood group B. Both A & B are AB. Neither are O. Blood plasma contains antibodies that react with A or B antigens if the two are mixed. Anti-A antibody reacts with antigen A, etc.
Blood group AB+
Universal recipient = because the recipient blood plasma contains no antibodies against either A or B or rhesus antigens that could be donated.
Blood group O-
Universal donor = because erythrocytes have neither A or B or rhesus antigens for antibodies to attach to
Blood group Rhesus
Rhesus antigen (rhesus factor) is a surface antigen found on erythrocytes. Those with Rh antigens are rhesus +, those lacking are Rh -. Rh+ is the dominant gene – inherited. Anti Rh antibodies are produced in Rh- individuals ONLY if they come into contact with Rh antigen (blood-pregnancy/transfusion)
Cells: cell lines;
All blood cells develop through myeloid or lymphoid cell line.
Myeloid linage inc. erythrocytes, platelets, and myeloblasts (Basophil, Neutrophil, Eosinophil, Monocyte)
Lymphoid linage inc. Lymphocytes, B. lymphocytes and NK cells
Cells; Pluripotent stem cells
All blood cells originate from these in the red bone marrow.
Cells: Erythrocytes (Red blood cells)
RBC (86% blood volume). Bi concave, non-nucleated cells. Transport oxygen. Each erythrocyte has 280 million Hb
(erytho = red, cyte = cell).
Cells: Leukocytes (White blood cells)
WBC (1% blood volume); function to defend body against infection (e.g. by bacteria, viruses, fungi) and foreign particles. Inc. 5 different types: neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes.
Cells; Thrombocytes (Platelets)
Platelets (1-2% blood volume). Small non-nucleated discs produced in bone marrow and results from fractionation of bone marrow megakaryocytes.
Lifespan 10days.
Involved in blood clotting, prevent blood loss. (thrombo = blood clot).
Cells: Leukocytes; Granulocytes;
WBC with granules in the cytosol. Include Neutrophils, Basophils/mast cells, Eosinophils.
Cells: Leukocytes; Agranulocytes
WBC (without granules in the cytosol). Include Monocytes/Macrophages, Lymphocytes
Cells: Leukocytes; Neutrophils
60% of WBC. Function = phagocytosis; ingest and destroy microbes (lysosomes digest microbes)
Cells: Leukocytes; Eosinophils (Leukocytes)
2-4% of WBC. Function = eliminate parasites & modulate hypersensitivity reactions (allergies) through phagocytosis (release proteins that exert anti-parasitic effects)
Cells: Leukocytes; Basophils/Mast cells
1% of WBC. In blood = basophils. In tissue = mast cells. Function = inflammation release histamine and heparin from granules. Histamine (dilates blood vessels, heparin is an anti-coagulant. Not phagocytic
Cells: Leukocytes; Monocytes/Macrophages
6% of WBC. In blood; monocytes. In tissue; macrophages. Function = Inflammation and repair through 1) phagocytosis - ingest and destroy cellular debris & pathogens. 2) Activate other immune cells via antigen presentation
Cells: Leukocytes; Lymphocytes
30% of WBC. Inc. B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes and Natural Killer (NK) cells. B- and T-lymphocytes (in blood and lymph system) critical for immunity against specific antigens and production of immunological memory
Cells: Leukocytes; B-lymphocytes
Part of WBC (lymphocytes) – produce an immune response by producing antibodies (immunoglobulins)
Cells: Leukocytes;
T-lymphocytes
Part of WBC (lymphocytes) – invade pathogens – specifically
Cells: lymphocytes; Natural Killer cells (NK)
Part of WBC (lymphocytes) – invade pathogens – non specifically
Clotting stages
4 stages = 1) vasoconstriction, 2) platelet plug formation, 3) coagulation, 4) fibrinolysis
1) Vasoconstriction: 1st stage: Damaged blood vessels, smooth muscle contracts = vasoconstriction. Thromboxane (chemical mediator) triggers spasm & attracts platelets.
2) platelet plug formation; 2nd stage: Platelets stick to damaged wall. Platelets become sticky and form platelet plug. Platelets activate formation of thrombin
3) coagulation; Stage 3: The enzyme thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin. Fibrin forms a mesh, which erythrocytes get caught in and clot forms
4) fibrinolysis; 4th stage; Breakdown of clot. Enzyme plasmin dissolves clot by digesting fibrin and inactivating fibrinogen and thrombin (fibrin = fibre, lysis = dissolution)
Clotting; Plasmin
Enzyme that digests fibrin and inactivates fibrinogen and thrombin and dissolves blood clot as part of blood clotting process
Clotting; Thrombin
Enzyme that converts fibrinogen to fibrin as part of the blood clotting process
Erythrocytosis
Too many RBC’s
Erythropoiesis
The formation of erythrocytes. Occurs in the red-bone marrow
(requires B12, folate (B9) and Iron)
Haematocrit
Percentage of blood made up of RBC
47% male
42% female (more efficient at holding onto oxygen)
Haematoma
Blood collecting / pooling outside the blood vessel
Haematopoiesis
Production of all blood cells (all blood cells originate from a haematopoietic a stem cell)
Includes erythrocytes, leukocytes and thrombocytes
Haematuria
Blood in urine
Haemoglobin (Hb)
Carries oxygen & carbon dioxide. (Haem=blood, globin=spherical protein)
One Hb molecule consist of 4 polypeptide chains (globin), each chain is bound to pigment called ‘haem’, which contains iron. Each Hb carries 4xO2 molecules
Haemoglobin
Foetal (HBF)
Polypeptide chains (globlin) in Hb.
Composed of two a (alpha) and two y (gamma) sub units
Haemoglobin Adult (HbA)
Carries oxygen in blood, Polypeptide chains (globlin) in Hb.
Composed of two a (alpha) and two B (beta) sub-units
Haemolysis
Break down of RBC’s – the destruction of erythrocytes to release haemoglobin into plasma
Haemolytic
Blood destruction
(haem=blood, lysis=destruction).
Haemophilia
Tendency to bleed
Haemotology
Study of blood
Heparin
Natural coagulant produced by mast cells / basophils
Histamine
Dilates blood vessels, produced by mast cells / basophils
Hormone; Thrombopoietin
Thrombocytes are produced under influence of thrombopoietin (mostly from liver)
Hormones; Erythropoietin (EPO)
Hormone that triggers Erythropoiesis (from the kidneys, which stimulates erythropoiesis in the bone marrow)
Hypoxia
Low oxygen levels. Stimulates the secretion of hormone erythropoietin (EPO). (hypo=below normal, oxy=oxygen)
Iron
Essential component of haemoglobin. Required for erythrocyte formation.
Leukocytosis
Increase in leukocytes
Megakaryoblasts
Huge immature cells that transform into megakaryocytes
(thrombo = clot, mega = large, blasts = immature cells)
Megakaryocytes
Huge cells break into 2000-3000 fragments = thrombocytes.
Neutropenia
Low number of neutrophils WBC in your blood
Plasma (fluid)
55% of blood. Fluid within blood. Yellow-coloured liquid that remains when cells are removed from blood. Consists of; water (91%), proteins (7%), mineral salts (0.9%), nutrients (glucose, vitamins), waste materials, hormones (oestrogen, cortisol, thyroid, testosterone), enzymes, gases
Plasma proteins
The majority of plasma proteins are synthesised by liver cells (hepatocytes). Include; Albumin (55%), Globulins (38%), Fibrinogen (7%)
Plasma protein; Albumin
Smallest and most numerous plasma protein (55%). Carrier of substances (lipids, steroid hormones). Maintains osmotic pressure
Plasma protein; Globulins
38% of blood plasma proteins. Helps with immunity – immunoglobulins (antibodies); secreted by B cells, transport iron, lipids and vitamins. 3 x Globolins; Alpha & Beta, (transport), Gamma (immunoglobulins)
Plasma protein; Fibrinogen
7% of blood plasma proteins. AKA clotting factor one. Essential for blood clotting. Converted into fibrin during blood clotting
Plasma Nutrients
Products of digestion pass into the blood for distribution to all body cells, inc. simple sugars (carbohydrates), amino acids, fats/oils, vitamins. The main mineral components are cations (+ charged ions; sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium), anions (-charged ions; chlorides, bicarbonates, phosphates)
Plasma waste products
Urea (protein breakdown), creatinine (bi-product - muscle metabolism), uric acid (breakdown of purines), carbon dioxide (cell metabolism)
Plasma Hormones
Chemical messengers carried by blood
Plasma Enzymes
Catalysts for biochemical reactions in the body
Plasma Gases
Oxygen (O2) and Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Polycythaemia
Too many RBC.s
Reactive oxygen species (ROS)
Highly reactive / unstable molecule that contains oxygen and reacts with other molecules in a cell (a subset of free radicals).
A build up can cause damage to DNA and RNA and proteins and may cause cell death.
Synthesis
Production
Tachycardia
Fast heartrate
Thrombocytopenia
Low platelet count
Thromboxane
Chemical mediator that triggers spasm
Vitamin K
Fat soluble vitamin responsible for making 4 clotting factors
Cells: WBC: myeloblasts
Myeloblast: Originates from myeloid cell line (blast = germ (immature cell)).
Includes: Basophil, Neutrophil, Eosinophil, Monocyte cells
