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Biomedicine 1 > Muscular system > Flashcards

Muscular system Flashcards

1
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Neurotransmitter at neuromuscular junctions. It is required for nerve impulses and muscle movement

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2
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

Aerobic – with oxygen. Requires oxygen to generate ATP. Occurs in mitochondria. Produces 38 ATP molecules (net of 36).
Oxygen and (glucose) = carbon dioxide + water + energy

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3
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

An = without, aerobic = with oxygen. Allows cells to produce ATP in the absence of oxygen. Occurs in cytoplasm via glycolysis. Produces a net of two ATP molecules. Intensive short-term activity.
Glucose = lactic acid and energy

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4
Q

Arrector pili

A

Arrector pili (Arrector = to raise, Pili = hair). Muscles that help raise hair in the skin

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5
Q

ATP; Adenosine triphosate

A

Essential for effective muscle activity; muscles require large quantities of ATP (energy). ATP is released with Calcium to help contract muscle, and magnesium to help relax muscle. Two main pathways for ATP synthesis; aerobic and anaerobic respiration

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6
Q

Autorhythmic

A

Generates its own rhythm of contraction (auto = automatic, rhythmic = rhythm)

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7
Q

Minerals

A

Calcium, iron, sodium, magnesium, potassium; Essential for effective muscle activity;

Calcium - released from storage in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, causing the myosin and actin to bond & shorten the muscle fibre e.g. contraction

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8
Q

Collagen fibres

A

Collagen fibres in connective tissues assist to tightly intermingle with other structures

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9
Q

Connective tissue with muscle cells

A

Skeletal muscles consist of muscle fibres bound by connective tissue; Epimysium (whole muscle), Perimysium (fascicle) and Endomysium (muscle cells/fibers)

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10
Q

Creatine phosphate

A

A protein unique to muscles & is an energy storage form. Creatinine is a by-product from the breakdown of creatine phosphate

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11
Q

Fibril

A

Fibre

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12
Q

Functions;

A

Heat production (Thermogenesis); Helps maintain normal body temp (36.5 - 37.5) e.g. shivering

Movement; Results from muscular contraction

Movement of substances; move glycogen and oxygen around the body

Posture (maintaining); stabilising joints, posture and balance through continued partial muscle contraction

Storage of substance; storing glycogen and oxygen

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13
Q

Globin

A

A sphere / protein

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14
Q

Glycolysis

A

Breaking down of glucose (as in anaerobic respiration). (Glyco = sugar, lysis = break down)

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15
Q

Homeostasis - muscular system

A

Within all body systems, muscle tissue; produces movement, stabilises body position, moves substances within the body, produces heat to help maintain body temperature.

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16
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increase in number (Hyper = Beyond normal, plasia = formation or development)

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17
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increase in size (Hyper = Beyond normal, trophy = development)

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18
Q

Lactic acid

A

Produced during anaerobic respiration – lowers muscle pH and causes muscle fatigue

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19
Q

Lytic

A

To release

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20
Q

Mechanics

A

Muscles can be; Prime movers, antagonists, synergists and fixators depending on movement.

Prime movers; Depending on the movement, one muscle is the prime mover, while the other is the antagonist

Synergists; Assists the prime mover in its action

Antagonists; Most muscles are arranged in antagonistic pairs over a joint e.g. bicep brachii / tricep brachii

Fixators; Keeps the origin bone stable while a prime mover contracts

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21
Q

Mitochondria

A

Used for aerobic respiration (located close to myolglobin)

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22
Q

Muscle hypertrophy

A

Muscle growth. Growth hormone, testosterone and thyroid hormones promote muscle hypertrophy

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23
Q

Muscle types

A

Three muscle types in the body = skeletal, cardiac and smooth

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24
Q

Myo

A

Muscle

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25
Q

Myoblasts

A

Cells that fuse together and make muscle fibres

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26
Q

Myocardia

A

Heart muscle. Myo = muscle, Cardia = heart.

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27
Q

Myoglobin

A

Red coloured iron and oxygen binding protein

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28
Q

Neuro

A

Nerves

29
Q

Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ) (Role)

A

1) The meeting point (synapse) where motor neurons meet a muscle fibre
2) The neuron ending is the synaptic end bulb, which contains vesicles that store the neurotransmitter acetylcholine
3) Acetylcholine diffuses across the gap and causes the nerve impulse to continue along the sarcolemma
4) the motor end plate describes the location where motor neurons terminate in tiny pads on the muscle fibre
5) the strength of the muscle contraction depends on the number of neurons that are conducting an electrical impulse at one time, as well as the frequency of impulses

30
Q

NMJ; Action potential

A

Nerve impulses that travel along nerves to muscles to trigger muscle contraction

31
Q

NMJ; Motor end plate

A

Describes the location where motor neurons terminate in tiny pads on the muscle fibre

32
Q

Properties of muscle

A

Contractility = contract / shorten
Excitability = conduct an electrical current
Extensibility = stretch
Elasticity = spring (back)

33
Q

Red muscle fibres

A

Large quantity of myoglobin, small diameter fibres, aerobic respiration, lots of mitochondria, sustained activity, little/no fatigue

34
Q

Respiratory Diaphragm

A

Attaches to the lower 6 ribs, sternum & upper lumbar spine. When contracts, it increases the space for air to enter the lungs

35
Q

Skeletal muscle: Fast glycolytic

A

White colour, anaerobic, least mitochondria/myoglobin, fatigues quickly, good for weights, large diameter

36
Q

Skeletal muscle: Fast oxidative-glycolytic (FOG)

A

White/pink colour, aerobic/anaerobic, less mitochondria/myoglobin, resistant to fatigue, good for walk/sprinting, intermediate diameter

37
Q

Skeletal muscle: Slow oxidative (SO) fibre

A

Dark red colour, aerobic, high mitochondria and myoglobin, long duration for fatigue, good for endurance, small diameter

38
Q

Skeletal muscles; arm

A

Deltoid, Biceps brachii, Triceps brachii, Flexor carpi muscle, Extensor carpi muscle

39
Q

Skeletal muscles; back

A

Supraspinatus, Psoas, Latissimus dorsi, quadratus lumborum, Erector spinae

40
Q

Skeletal muscles; chest/abdomen

A

Pectoralis major, Rectus abdominis, Internal and external obliqueds

41
Q

Skeletal muscles; face

A

Occipitofrontalis, orbicularis oculi, orbicularis oris, masseter, temporalis

42
Q

Skeletal muscles; Legs

A

Gluteus maximus, Piriformis, Hamstring, Rectus femoris, Thigh adductors, Tibialis anterior, Soleus, Gastrocnemius

43
Q

Skeletal muscles; neck

A

Sternocleidomastoid, Trapezius

44
Q

Sliding filament; contraction

A

Nerve impulses arrive at the neuromuscular junction
The action potential spreads along the sarcolemma and transverse tubules in the muscle cell releasing calcium (Ca) from storage in the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Calcium and ATP cause the myosin head to bind to the actin filament next to it.
As the actin and myosin bind, this movement causes the filaments to slide over each other, therefore shortening the fiber.

45
Q

Sliding filament; relaxation

A

Nerve stimulation stops (no nerve impulse)
Using magnesium and ATP, calcium is actively transported (pumped back) into storage, breaking the actin and myosin bond
Actin and Myosin slide back into starting positions, lengthening the fiber again (relaxation)
Magnesium makes muscle fibers less excitable and prevent myosin binding with actin

46
Q

Structure of muscle;
Endomysium

A

Thin sheath of connective tissue that surrounds individual muscle fibres

47
Q

Structure of muscle;
Epimysium

A

Connective tissue that surrounds entire muscle and attaches it to fascia and tendons

48
Q

Structure of muscle;
Fascia

A

A sheet of connective tissue that covers skeletal muscle to organise, muscle & secure it to skin / provide stability.

49
Q

Structure of muscle;
Fascicles

A

Bundles of between 10-100 muscle fibres bound together to form the entire muscle

50
Q

Structure of muscle; Actin

A

Thin myofilaments that make up myofibrils (two types = (actin and Myosin.

51
Q

Structure of muscle; Myocytes (muscle fibres)

A

Muscle cell. Skeletal muscle cells are long, cylindrical, striated and have multiple nucleuses (many mitochondria = lots of ATP synthesis = energy).
The cell membrane of a myocyte is the sarcolemma
Myoctyes are surrounded by endomysium (connective tissue)

52
Q

Structure of muscle; Myofibrils

A

Cylindrical structures formed of bundles of protein filaments (myofilaments) within the muscle fibre (cell)
Surrounded by the sarcoplasm (cytoplasm)

53
Q

Structure of muscle; Myofilaments

A

Two types; Actin (thin filaments) and Myosin (thick filament), they overlap to form sarcomeres (basic contractile unit of a myoctye)

54
Q

Structure of muscle; Myosin

A

Thick myofilaments that make up myofibrils (two types = (actin and Myosin.

55
Q

Structure of muscle; Perimysium

A

Connective tissue that surrounds Fascicles

56
Q

Structure of muscle; Sarcolemma

A

Cell membrane of a skeletal muscle fibre

57
Q

Structure of muscle; Sarcomeres

A

The basic contractile unit of striated muscle. Contains; H-zone = myosin, A-band = dark area where actin and-myosin overlap, I band = light area of actin, Z disc = actin arranged at 90’ angles, they separate sarcomeres

58
Q

Structure of muscle; Sarcoplasm

A

Cytoplasm of a muscle cell. Stirred calcium to be released for muscle contraction
(sarco = flesh, plasm = fluid)

59
Q

Structure of muscle; Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Stores calcium required for muscle contraction

60
Q

Tendons

A

Attach skeletal muscles to the periosteum bone

61
Q

Transverse tubules

A

Tubes that extend from the cell membrane into the muscle cells, help ensure electrical impulses are received inside the cell

62
Q

Types of muscle; Non striated muscle

A

Contain cells that are randomly arranged (no stripes visible)

63
Q

Type of muscle; Striated muscle

A

Contain cells that are aligned in parallel bundles (uniform pattern / visible stripes)

64
Q

Type of muscle; Skeletal muscle

A

640 striated, voluntary muscles - attaches between bones & creates movement at joints (movement, posture, speech & breathing). Can’t divide; limited regeneration by satellite cells. 3 types: slow oxidative (SO), fast oxidative – glycolytic (FOG), fast glycolytic (FG)

65
Q

Type of muscle; Smooth muscle

A

Non-striated involuntary muscle, under ANS control. Smallest type of muscle cell, containing a single elongated nucleus. Found in walls of blood vessels, airways, hollow organs (i.e. Stomach, bladder), iris, arrector pili. Can increase in number, regenerate from stem cells.

66
Q

Type of muscle; Smooth muscle

A

Non-striated involuntary muscle, under ANS control. Smallest type of muscle cell, containing a single elongated nucleus. Found in walls of blood vessels, airways, hollow organs (i.e. Stomach, bladder), iris, arrector pili. Can increase in number, regenerate from stem cells.Types of Muscle:
Cardiac Muscle

67
Q

Types of Muscle:
Cardiac Muscle

A

Striated, involuntary muscle – forms the heart muscle (myocardium). Only found in the heart. Autorhythmic.

68
Q

White muscle fibres

A

Low quantity of myoglobin, large diameter fibres, anaerobic respiration, fast / strenuous work, fatigues quickly

69
Q

Functions of muscular system

A

Movement
Movement of substances
Thermogenesis
Posture

Biomedicine 1 (39 decks)

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