Skeletal System Flashcards
The ________ is composed of bones and cartilage connected by ligaments to form a framework for the rest of the body tissues.
skeletal system
Functions of Skeletal System:
- Support
- Movement
- Protection
- Mineral storage (electrolyte balance)
- Hemopoiesis
- Detoxification
True or False. The skeletal system make up 20% body weight.
True
True or False. 99% of body’s calcium is in bone tissue.
True
It is the blood cell formation.
Hemopoiesis
it is the process wherein bone tissue removes heavy metals and other foreign
materials from blood.
Detoxification
True or False. At birth there are a total of 207 bones (organs).
False. 270
True or False. the typical number of bones in an adult is 260.
False. 206
These are small rounded bones that form
within tendons in response to stress.
sesamoid bones
eg. kneecap (patella), in knuckles
These are bones that form within the sutures of skull.
wormian bones
Each skeletal organ is composed of many kinds of tissues:
- bone (=osseous tissue)
- cartilage
- fibrous connective tissues
- blood (in blood vessels)
- nervous tissue
General Shapes of Bones
- long
- short
- flat
- irregular
These are cylindrical, longer than wide
rigid levers for muscle actions eg crowbars
eg. arms, legs, fingers, toes
long
A bone shape in which its length nearly equal width; limited motion, gliding if any
eg. carpals, tarsals, patella
short
These are thin sheets of bone tissue
enclose and protect organs broad surfaces for muscle attachments
eg. sternum, ribs, most skull bones, scapula, coxa
flat
These are elaborate shapes different long, short, and flat bones.
eg. vertebrae, sphenoid, ethmoid
irregular
Bones have outer shell of ________.
compact bone
These are loosely organized bone tissue.
spongy (cancellous) bone
A structure of a bone characterized by a large surface area for muscle attachment and pivot.
epiphyses
Red marrow is also known as ________.
hemopoietic tissues
What bone structure is this?
-resilient cushion of hyaline cartilage
articular cartilage
What bone structure is this?
-thick compact bone but light
diaphysis
What bone structure is this?
- “fat at the center of a ham bone”
medullar cavity
yellow marrow or fat (adipose) storage
What bone structure is this?
-white fibrous connective tissue continuous with tendons
penetrates bone – welds blood vessels to bone
periosteum
What bone structure is this?
-fibrous CT that lines medullary cavity
endosteum
True or False. A bone is made of cells and matrix.
True.
True or False. A bone is a connective tissue.
True
Matrix contains lots of ________
collagen fibers
What provides life support system for
bone cells?
periosteum
Cartilage differs from bone in 3 ways:
- firm flexible gel is not calcified (hardened)
- no haversian canal system
- no direct blood supply
True or False. All bone ends as cartilage.
False. All bone STARTS as cartilage.
The matrix is hardened through a process called ________.
calcification
3 kinds of cartilage:
- hyaline
- fibrous
- elastic
What is the most common cartilage?
hyaline
eg. covers articular surfaces of joints, costal cartilage of ribs, rings of tracheae, nose
It is a cartilage that is mostly collagen fibers.
fibrous
eg. discs between vertebrae, pubic symphysis
This is a cartilage that also has elastic fibers.
elastic
eg. external ear, eustachian tube
Bone Markings
- Foramen
- Fossa
- Sinus
- Condyle
- Tuberosity
- Spine
A bone marking that is an opening in bone – passageway for nerves and blood vessels.
Foramen
It is a shallow depression – eg a socket into which another bone articulates.
Fossa
What is the internal cavity in a bone?
Sinus
This is a rounded bump that articulates with another bone.
Condyle
It is a small rough projection – point of attachment for muscle.
Tuberosity
A sharp slender process.
Spine
2 main subdivisions of skeletal system:
- Axial
2. Appendicular
What is the division of the skeletal system which is composed of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage?
Axial
A skeletal system division containing the arms and legs and girdle.
Appendicular
True or False. The bones of the skull is not joined by sutures.
True
It is the most complex part of the skeleton system.
Skull
These are gaps in the skull.
fontanels
6 sinuses:
frontal -2
maxillary -2
ethmoid -1
sphenoid -1
This occurs when bones of palatine process of maxilla bones do not fuse properly.
cleft palate
It is the opening to ear canal leads to middle ear chamber.
external auditory meatus
True or False. Ear ossicles is the only bone that contains other bones.
True
3 bones in ear ossicles
- malleus = hammer
- incus = anvil
- stapes = stirrup
It is the largest, strongest bone of face articulates at temporal bone.
Mandible or lower jaw
What is the large opening in base
through which spinal cord passes?
foramen magnum
This is the articulation of vertebral column.
occipital condyles
This anchors many of the bones of cranium.
Sphenoid Bone
Refers to the depression for the pituitary gland.
sella turcica
It is very delicate and easily damaged by sharp upward blow to the nose.
Ethmoid Bone
What is it that is perforated with openings which allow olfactory nerves to pass?
cribiform plate
This is the passageways for air; filtering,
warming, moistening.
nasal conchae
This is attachment of meninges.
crista galli
A single “U” shaped bone in neck just below mandible and above larynx (voice box).
Hyoid bone
What is the main axis of the body?
vertebral column
What is described?
-make vertebral column flexible rather than
rigid
-permits foreward, backward, and some
sideways movement
intervertebral discs
5 regions of vertebral column:
- cervical
- thoracic
- lumbar
- sacral
- coccygea
A region of vertebral column that have transverse foramena.
cervical
This holds the head up.
atlas
This forms pivot “no” movement.
axis/dens (odontoid process)
It is distinguished by facets smooth areas for articulation of ribs.
thoracic
It is modified for attachment of powerful back muscles.
lumbar
This is a triangular bone formed from fused vertebrae.
sacrum
This is sometimes blocks birth canal, must be broken.
coccyx
What joins the ribs to the sternum?
costal cartilages
True or False. There are 5 pairs true ribs, 5 pairs false ribs.
False. 7 pairs of true ribs and 5 pairs of false ribs; the 2 sets of floating ribs are included
These attach the arms and legs to the axial skeleton.
girdles
The arms sacrifice _______ for dexterity and freedom of motion.
strength
The legs sacrifice _________ for strong support of the body.
freedom of motion
It rides freely and is attached by muscles and tendons to ribs but not by bone to bone joint.
scapula
What is the most frequently broken bone in the body, sometimes even during birth?
clavicle
True or False. Femur is the longest and largest bone of arm.
False. HUMERUS is longest and largest bone of arm.
This allows movement in all directions.
ball and socket joint
2 bones in the forearm:
- radius
2. ulna
What is the main bone of the forearm?
ulna
This allows only flexion and extension.
hinge joint
What is the main attachment of lower arm to hand?
radius
3 kinds of bones in the hand:
- carpals
- metacarpals
- phalanges
What provide flexibility and ability to grasp things?
carpals
It is the palm of the hand.
metacarpals
These are simple hinge joints for grasping.
phalanges
These are innominate bones.
coxa
It is the large flaring portion of pelvis.
false pelvis
It is the smaller actual opening.
true pelvis
Each coxa is produced by fusion of 3 bones:
- ilium – upper, fan shaped
- ischium – bottom, the actual bone you sit on
- pubis – front
What pad of fibrous cartilage joins the 2 pubic bone?
pubic symphysis
What is the largest bone of the body?
femur
This is where the head of the femur fits.
acetabulum of pelvis
These are bones found where tension or pressure exists; also in thumb and large toe.
sesamoid bone
2 bones of the lower leg:
- tibia
2. fibula
This is the main bone of the lower leg, articulates with both femur and foot.
tibia
This is the main bone of the lower leg, articulates with both femur and foot.
tibia
What is it that is thin & narrow, offers extra support for lower leg and foot?
fibula
3 types of bones in the foot:
- tarsals
- metatarsals
- phalanges
They are thick angular bones; must support all the weight of the locked together and immoveable.
tarsals
It support most of the structure of the foot.
metatarsals
They act as shock absorbers.
arches
It is any place where 2 or more bones meet.
articulations
Joints can be categorized into 3 general kinds by the degree of movement & their structure:
- immovable joints
- slightly moveable joints
- freely moveable joints
Also known as _______; bones are joined by fibrous connective tissue.
Immoveable Joints or Synarthroses (joined together)
Also known as _______; bones are joined by some kind of cartilage.
Slightly Moveable Joints or Amphiarthroses (on both sides)
Also known as ______; most complex joint structure; are actually organs, consisting of several tissues.
Freely Moveable Joints or Diarthroses (through a joining)
In freely moveable joints:
end of each bone is padded with _________.
articular cartilage
In freely moveable joints:
the ends of both bones are enclosed by ________.
synovial membrane
In freely moveable joints:
joint cavity is filled with ________.
synovial fluid
True or False. Bone is the densest tissue in the body.
True
2 kinds of bone cells:
- osteoblasts = bone building cells
2. osteoclasts = bone destroying cells
What is the conversion of cartilage or other
connective tissue into bone by depositing
calcium and other minerals?
Ossification
What hormone helps bones to develop the proper proportions during infancy and childhood?
thyroid hormone
Calcium is used in body for:
- muscle contractions
- nerve impulses
- synapses
- heart beat
- secretions
- blood clotting
- cofactors for enzymes
2 hormones involved in bone maintenance and blood calcium homeostasis:
- Calcitonin - lower blood calcium levels
2. PTH - raise blood calcium levels
Disorders of Skeletal System
- Fractures
- Vertebral curvature
- Osteoporosis
- Rickets
- Osteoarthritis
- Rheumatoid Disease
- Osteomyelitis
- Ruptured (herneated) disc
- Gout
- Bursitis
