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Anatomy and Physiology > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

The ________ is composed of bones and cartilage connected by ligaments to form a framework for the rest of the body tissues.

A

skeletal system

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2
Q

Functions of Skeletal System:

A
  1. Support
  2. Movement
  3. Protection
  4. Mineral storage (electrolyte balance)
  5. Hemopoiesis
  6. Detoxification
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3
Q

True or False. The skeletal system make up 20% body weight.

A

True

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4
Q

True or False. 99% of body’s calcium is in bone tissue.

A

True

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5
Q

It is the blood cell formation.

A

Hemopoiesis

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6
Q

it is the process wherein bone tissue removes heavy metals and other foreign
materials from blood.

A

Detoxification

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7
Q

True or False. At birth there are a total of 207 bones (organs).

A

False. 270

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8
Q

True or False. the typical number of bones in an adult is 260.

A

False. 206

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9
Q

These are small rounded bones that form

within tendons in response to stress.

A

sesamoid bones

eg. kneecap (patella), in knuckles

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10
Q

These are bones that form within the sutures of skull.

A

wormian bones

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11
Q

Each skeletal organ is composed of many kinds of tissues:

A
  1. bone (=osseous tissue)
  2. cartilage
  3. fibrous connective tissues
  4. blood (in blood vessels)
  5. nervous tissue
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12
Q

General Shapes of Bones

A
  1. long
  2. short
  3. flat
  4. irregular
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13
Q

These are cylindrical, longer than wide
rigid levers for muscle actions eg crowbars

eg. arms, legs, fingers, toes

A

long

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14
Q

A bone shape in which its length nearly equal width; limited motion, gliding if any

eg. carpals, tarsals, patella

A

short

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15
Q

These are thin sheets of bone tissue
enclose and protect organs broad surfaces for muscle attachments

eg. sternum, ribs, most skull bones, scapula, coxa

A

flat

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16
Q

These are elaborate shapes different long, short, and flat bones.

eg. vertebrae, sphenoid, ethmoid

A

irregular

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17
Q

Bones have outer shell of ________.

A

compact bone

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18
Q

These are loosely organized bone tissue.

A

spongy (cancellous) bone

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19
Q

A structure of a bone characterized by a large surface area for muscle attachment and pivot.

A

epiphyses

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20
Q

Red marrow is also known as ________.

A

hemopoietic tissues

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21
Q

What bone structure is this?

-resilient cushion of hyaline cartilage

A

articular cartilage

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22
Q

What bone structure is this?

-thick compact bone but light

A

diaphysis

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23
Q

What bone structure is this?

  • “fat at the center of a ham bone”
A

medullar cavity

yellow marrow or fat (adipose) storage

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24
Q

What bone structure is this?

-white fibrous connective tissue continuous with tendons
penetrates bone – welds blood vessels to bone

A

periosteum

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25
Q

What bone structure is this?

-fibrous CT that lines medullary cavity

A

endosteum

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26
Q

True or False. A bone is made of cells and matrix.

A

True.

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27
Q

True or False. A bone is a connective tissue.

A

True

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28
Q

Matrix contains lots of ________

A

collagen fibers

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29
Q

What provides life support system for

bone cells?

A

periosteum

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30
Q

Cartilage differs from bone in 3 ways:

A
  1. firm flexible gel is not calcified (hardened)
  2. no haversian canal system
  3. no direct blood supply
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31
Q

True or False. All bone ends as cartilage.

A

False. All bone STARTS as cartilage.

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32
Q

The matrix is hardened through a process called ________.

A

calcification

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33
Q

3 kinds of cartilage:

A
  1. hyaline
  2. fibrous
  3. elastic
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34
Q

What is the most common cartilage?

A

hyaline

eg. covers articular surfaces of joints, costal cartilage of ribs, rings of tracheae, nose

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35
Q

It is a cartilage that is mostly collagen fibers.

A

fibrous

eg. discs between vertebrae, pubic symphysis

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36
Q

This is a cartilage that also has elastic fibers.

A

elastic

eg. external ear, eustachian tube

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37
Q

Bone Markings

A
  1. Foramen
  2. Fossa
  3. Sinus
  4. Condyle
  5. Tuberosity
  6. Spine
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38
Q

A bone marking that is an opening in bone – passageway for nerves and blood vessels.

A

Foramen

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39
Q

It is a shallow depression – eg a socket into which another bone articulates.

A

Fossa

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40
Q

What is the internal cavity in a bone?

A

Sinus

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41
Q

This is a rounded bump that articulates with another bone.

A

Condyle

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42
Q

It is a small rough projection – point of attachment for muscle.

A

Tuberosity

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43
Q

A sharp slender process.

A

Spine

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44
Q

2 main subdivisions of skeletal system:

A
  1. Axial

2. Appendicular

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45
Q

What is the division of the skeletal system which is composed of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage?

A

Axial

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46
Q

A skeletal system division containing the arms and legs and girdle.

A

Appendicular

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47
Q

True or False. The bones of the skull is not joined by sutures.

A

True

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48
Q

It is the most complex part of the skeleton system.

A

Skull

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49
Q

These are gaps in the skull.

A

fontanels

50
Q

6 sinuses:

A

frontal -2
maxillary -2
ethmoid -1
sphenoid -1

51
Q

This occurs when bones of palatine process of maxilla bones do not fuse properly.

A

cleft palate

52
Q

It is the opening to ear canal leads to middle ear chamber.

A

external auditory meatus

53
Q

True or False. Ear ossicles is the only bone that contains other bones.

A

True

54
Q

3 bones in ear ossicles

A
  1. malleus = hammer
  2. incus = anvil
  3. stapes = stirrup
55
Q

It is the largest, strongest bone of face articulates at temporal bone.

A

Mandible or lower jaw

56
Q

What is the large opening in base

through which spinal cord passes?

A

foramen magnum

57
Q

This is the articulation of vertebral column.

A

occipital condyles

58
Q

This anchors many of the bones of cranium.

A

Sphenoid Bone

59
Q

Refers to the depression for the pituitary gland.

A

sella turcica

60
Q

It is very delicate and easily damaged by sharp upward blow to the nose.

A

Ethmoid Bone

61
Q

What is it that is perforated with openings which allow olfactory nerves to pass?

A

cribiform plate

62
Q

This is the passageways for air; filtering,

warming, moistening.

A

nasal conchae

63
Q

This is attachment of meninges.

A

crista galli

64
Q

A single “U” shaped bone in neck just below mandible and above larynx (voice box).

A

Hyoid bone

65
Q

What is the main axis of the body?

A

vertebral column

66
Q

What is described?

-make vertebral column flexible rather than
rigid
-permits foreward, backward, and some
sideways movement

A

intervertebral discs

67
Q

5 regions of vertebral column:

A
  1. cervical
  2. thoracic
  3. lumbar
  4. sacral
  5. coccygea
68
Q

A region of vertebral column that have transverse foramena.

A

cervical

69
Q

This holds the head up.

A

atlas

70
Q

This forms pivot “no” movement.

A

axis/dens (odontoid process)

71
Q

It is distinguished by facets smooth areas for articulation of ribs.

A

thoracic

72
Q

It is modified for attachment of powerful back muscles.

A

lumbar

73
Q

This is a triangular bone formed from fused vertebrae.

A

sacrum

74
Q

This is sometimes blocks birth canal, must be broken.

A

coccyx

75
Q

What joins the ribs to the sternum?

A

costal cartilages

76
Q

True or False. There are 5 pairs true ribs, 5 pairs false ribs.

A

False. 7 pairs of true ribs and 5 pairs of false ribs; the 2 sets of floating ribs are included

77
Q

These attach the arms and legs to the axial skeleton.

A

girdles

78
Q

The arms sacrifice _______ for dexterity and freedom of motion.

A

strength

79
Q

The legs sacrifice _________ for strong support of the body.

A

freedom of motion

80
Q

It rides freely and is attached by muscles and tendons to ribs but not by bone to bone joint.

A

scapula

81
Q

What is the most frequently broken bone in the body, sometimes even during birth?

A

clavicle

82
Q

True or False. Femur is the longest and largest bone of arm.

A

False. HUMERUS is longest and largest bone of arm.

83
Q

This allows movement in all directions.

A

ball and socket joint

84
Q

2 bones in the forearm:

A
  1. radius

2. ulna

85
Q

What is the main bone of the forearm?

A

ulna

86
Q

This allows only flexion and extension.

A

hinge joint

87
Q

What is the main attachment of lower arm to hand?

A

radius

88
Q

3 kinds of bones in the hand:

A
  1. carpals
  2. metacarpals
  3. phalanges
89
Q

What provide flexibility and ability to grasp things?

A

carpals

90
Q

It is the palm of the hand.

A

metacarpals

91
Q

These are simple hinge joints for grasping.

A

phalanges

92
Q

These are innominate bones.

A

coxa

93
Q

It is the large flaring portion of pelvis.

A

false pelvis

94
Q

It is the smaller actual opening.

A

true pelvis

95
Q

Each coxa is produced by fusion of 3 bones:

A
  1. ilium – upper, fan shaped
  2. ischium – bottom, the actual bone you sit on
  3. pubis – front
96
Q

What pad of fibrous cartilage joins the 2 pubic bone?

A

pubic symphysis

97
Q

What is the largest bone of the body?

A

femur

98
Q

This is where the head of the femur fits.

A

acetabulum of pelvis

99
Q

These are bones found where tension or pressure exists; also in thumb and large toe.

A

sesamoid bone

100
Q

2 bones of the lower leg:

A
  1. tibia

2. fibula

101
Q

This is the main bone of the lower leg, articulates with both femur and foot.

A

tibia

102
Q

This is the main bone of the lower leg, articulates with both femur and foot.

A

tibia

103
Q

What is it that is thin & narrow, offers extra support for lower leg and foot?

A

fibula

104
Q

3 types of bones in the foot:

A
  1. tarsals
  2. metatarsals
  3. phalanges
105
Q

They are thick angular bones; must support all the weight of the locked together and immoveable.

A

tarsals

106
Q

It support most of the structure of the foot.

A

metatarsals

107
Q

They act as shock absorbers.

A

arches

108
Q

It is any place where 2 or more bones meet.

A

articulations

109
Q

Joints can be categorized into 3 general kinds by the degree of movement & their structure:

A
  1. immovable joints
  2. slightly moveable joints
  3. freely moveable joints
110
Q

Also known as _______; bones are joined by fibrous connective tissue.

A

Immoveable Joints or Synarthroses (joined together)

111
Q

Also known as _______; bones are joined by some kind of cartilage.

A

Slightly Moveable Joints or Amphiarthroses (on both sides)

112
Q

Also known as ______; most complex joint structure; are actually organs, consisting of several tissues.

A

Freely Moveable Joints or Diarthroses (through a joining)

113
Q

In freely moveable joints:

end of each bone is padded with _________.

A

articular cartilage

114
Q

In freely moveable joints:

the ends of both bones are enclosed by ________.

A

synovial membrane

115
Q

In freely moveable joints:

joint cavity is filled with ________.

A

synovial fluid

116
Q

True or False. Bone is the densest tissue in the body.

A

True

117
Q

2 kinds of bone cells:

A
  1. osteoblasts = bone building cells

2. osteoclasts = bone destroying cells

118
Q

What is the conversion of cartilage or other
connective tissue into bone by depositing
calcium and other minerals?

A

Ossification

119
Q

What hormone helps bones to develop the proper proportions during infancy and childhood?

A

thyroid hormone

120
Q

Calcium is used in body for:

A
  1. muscle contractions
  2. nerve impulses
  3. synapses
  4. heart beat
  5. secretions
  6. blood clotting
  7. cofactors for enzymes
121
Q

2 hormones involved in bone maintenance and blood calcium homeostasis:

A
  1. Calcitonin - lower blood calcium levels

2. PTH - raise blood calcium levels

122
Q

Disorders of Skeletal System

A
  1. Fractures
  2. Vertebral curvature
  3. Osteoporosis
  4. Rickets
  5. Osteoarthritis
  6. Rheumatoid Disease
  7. Osteomyelitis
  8. Ruptured (herneated) disc
  9. Gout
  10. Bursitis

Anatomy and Physiology (8 decks)

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