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Anatomy and Physiology > Levels of Organization > Flashcards

Levels of Organization Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics of Life

A
  1. Movement
  2. Responsiveness (irritability)
  3. Growth
  4. Reproduction
  5. Respiration
  6. Digestion
  7. Absorption
  8. Circulation
  9. Assimilation
  10. Excretion
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2
Q

A characteristic of life that is marked by self initiated change in position, motion of internal parts.

A

Movement

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3
Q

Ability to sense changes within, or around the organism and react to them.

A

Responsiveness (irritability)

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4
Q

A life characteristic portrayed by increase in body size.

A

Growth

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5
Q

Parents produce offspring / producing new individuals.

A

Reproduction

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6
Q

Obtaining oxygen (O2), using it to release energy from food substances, and getting rid of wastes.

A

Respiration

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7
Q

Chemically changing (breaking down) food substances, and getting rid of wastes.

A

Digestion

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8
Q

Passage of Digested products (food substances) through membranes and into body fluids.

A

Absorption

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9
Q

Movement of substances throughout the body.

A

Circulation

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10
Q

Changing absorbed substances into chemically different substances.

A

Assimilation

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11
Q

Removal of wastes.

A

Excretion

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12
Q

Levels of Organization

A
  1. Atoms
  2. Molecules
  3. Cells
  4. Tissue
  5. Organ
  6. Body System
  7. Organism
  8. Population
  9. Community
  10. Ecosystem
  11. Biosphere
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13
Q

The ____ is the smallest and most fundamental unit of matter.

A

atom

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14
Q

An atom consists of a nucleus surrounded by _______.

A

electrons

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15
Q

Atoms form _______ which are chemical structures

consisting of at least two atoms held together by one or more chemical bonds.

A

molecules

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16
Q

Many molecules that are biologically important are _______, large molecules that are typically formed by polymerization.

A

macromolecules

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17
Q

What process is described?

a polymer is a large molecule that is made by combining smaller units called monomers, which are simpler than macromolecules

A

polymerization

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18
Q

_______ are small structures that exist within cells and are surrounded by membrane.

A

Organelles

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19
Q

What is the smallest fundamental unit of structure and function in living organisms?

A

Cell

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20
Q

_______ are single-celled or colonial organisms that do not have membrane-bound nuclei.

A

Prokaryotes

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21
Q

The cells of _______ do have membrane-bound organelles and a membrane-bound nucleus.

A

eukaryotes

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22
Q

These are groups of similar cells carrying out similar or related functions.

A

tissues

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23
Q

_______ are collections of tissues grouped together performing a common function.

A

Organs

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24
Q

This consists of functionally related organs.

A

organ system

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25
Q

________ are individual living entities.

A

organisms

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26
Q

All the individuals of a species living within a specific area are collectively called a ________.

A

population

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27
Q

It is the sum of populations inhabiting a particular area.

A

community

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28
Q

It is the collection of all ecosystems, and it represents the zones of life on earth.

A

biosphere

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29
Q

4 basic types of tissues

A
  1. epithelium
  2. connective
  3. muscular
  4. nervous
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30
Q

Type of tissue that forms the coverings of surfaces of the body.

A

epithelium

31
Q

Functions of epithelium:

A
  1. protection
  2. adsorption
  3. excretion
  4. secretion
  5. filtration
  6. sensory reception
32
Q

Characteristics of epithelium

A
  1. Polarity
  2. Cellular nature
  3. Supported by connective tissue
  4. Avascular
  5. Regeneration
33
Q

Polarity in epithelium means that it is arranged with one free surface (_______) and one attached surface (_______).

A

apical surface; basal surface

34
Q

Cells in epithelium fit closely together side by side and sometimes atop each other to form sheets of cells. These sheets are held together by specialized junctions.

A

Cellular nature

35
Q

True or False. Epithelium is supported by muscle tissue.

A

False. supported by CONNECTIVE tissue

36
Q

It means epithelium typically lacks its own blood supply.

37
Q

True or False. Epithelium cells can regenerate if proper nourished.

38
Q

Attachment to a layer of connective tissue at the basal
surface forms a layer called the _______, an adhesive layer formed by secretions from the epithelial cells and the connective tissue cells.

A

basement membrane

39
Q

Arrangements of epithelium

A
  1. Simple
  2. Stratified
  3. Pseudostratified
  4. Transitional
40
Q

Cells are found in a single layer attached to the basement membrane.

41
Q

Cells are found in 2 or more layers stacked atop each other.

A

Stratified

42
Q

A single layer of cells that appears to be multiple layers due to variance in height and location of the nuclei in the cells.

A

Pseudostratified

43
Q

Cells are rounded and can slide across one another to allow stretching .

A

Transitional

44
Q

Shapes of epithelium

A
  1. Squamous
  2. Cuboidal
  3. Columnar
45
Q

Flat, thin, scale-like cells.

A

Squamous (Latin: squamascale)

46
Q

Cells that have a basic cube shape. Typically the

cell’s height and width are about equal.

47
Q

Tall, rectangular or column-shaped cells. Typically taller than they are wide.

48
Q

Hair-like appendages attached to the apical surface of

cells that act as sensory structures or to produce movement.

49
Q

These are specialized cells that produce mucus to lubricate and protect the surface of an organ.

A

Goblet cells

50
Q

Are finger-like projections that arise from the epithelial
layer in some organs. They help to increase surface area allowing for faster and more efficient
adsorption.

51
Q

Are smaller projections that arise from the cell’s surface that also increase surface area.
Due to the bushy appearance that they sometimes produce, they are sometimes referred to as
the brush border of an organ.

A

microvilli

52
Q

_________ is the most abundant and widely distributed tissue type found in the human body.

A

Connective tissue

53
Q

Function of connective tissue

A
  1. protect
  2. support
  3. bind together parts of the body
54
Q

Characteristics of connective tissue

A
  1. Connective tissues tend to be very vascular (have a rich blood supply). Some exceptions, such
    as tendons, ligaments, and cartilages, are less vascularized.
  2. Connective tissues are made up of many types of specialized cells.
  3. Connective tissues contain a large amount of non-living material referred to as the matrix
    (composed of ground substance and fibers).
55
Q

4 types of connective tissues

A
  1. Connective tissue proper
    a. Loose Connective Tissue
    i. Areolar
    ii. Adipose
    iii. Reticular
    b. Dense Connective Tissue
    i. Dense regular
    ii. Dense irregular
    iii. Elastic
  2. Cartilage
    a. Hyaline
    b. Elastic
    c. Fibrocartilage
  3. Bone (osseous tissue)
  4. Blood
56
Q

Human organ systems

A
  1. The Integumentary System
  2. The Skeletal System
  3. The Muscular System
  4. The Circulatory System
  5. The Respiratory System
  6. The Digestive System
  7. The Urinary System
  8. The Immune System
  9. The Nervous System
  10. The Endocrine System
  11. The Reproductive System
57
Q

What organ system is this?

-consists of external organs that protect the body from damage, including the skin, fingernails, and hair.

A

Integumentary System

58
Q

What organ system is this?

-made up of all the bones in the human body, i.e., the skeleton.

A

Skeletal System

59
Q

What organ system is this?

-includes the different types of muscles

A

Muscular System

60
Q

What organ system is this?

-also known as the cardiovascular system, consists of the heart, veins, arteries, and capillaries. The circulatory system circulates blood throughout the body in order to transport nutrients and oxygen to the cells.

A

Circulatory System

61
Q

What organ system is this?

-made up of the organs used for breathing, including the lungs, diaphragm, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles.

A

Respiratory System

62
Q

What organ system is this?

-digests food and absorbs it into the body.

A

Digestive System

63
Q

What organ system is this?

-gets rid of wastes from the body in the form of urine.

A

Urinary System

64
Q

What organ system is this?

-an organism’s defense system; it protects against disease.

A

Immune System

65
Q

What organ system is this?

-sends and interprets signals from different parts of the body and organizes the body’s actions.

A

Nervous System

66
Q

What organ system is this?

-comprised of all the glands in the body that produce hormones, which are carried via the bloodstream to affect other organs.

A

Endocrine System

67
Q

What organ system is this?

  • includes an organism’s sex organs.
A

Reproductive System

68
Q

________ is the act of keeping the internal environment of a living organism within an
acceptable range of conditions.

A

Homeostasis

69
Q

Homeostasis controls the following:

A
  1. temperature
  2. pH
  3. blood volume
  4. oxygen levels
  5. blood sugar levels
70
Q

Homeostatic mechanisms that maintain internal constancy are collectively known as _________.

A

feedback systems

71
Q

3 parts to feedback systems

A
  1. Control center (with set point)
  2. Sensor
  3. Effector
72
Q

True or False. Negative feedback keeps conditions within an ideal range.

73
Q

True or False. Negative feedback takes a condition out of the normal range, often to some end point.

A

False. Positive feedback

Anatomy and Physiology (8 decks)

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