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Anatomy and Physiology > Muscular System > Flashcards

Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

Muscles can be classified into 4 functional groups:

A
  1. prime
  2. movers
  3. antagonists
  4. synergists
  5. fixators
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2
Q

The muscle that has the major responsibility for producing a specific movement.

A

prime movers or agonists

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3
Q

Muscles that oppose, or reverse, a particular movement are called ________.

A

antagonists

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4
Q

They help prime movers by

(1) adding a little extra force to the same movement or
(2) reducing undesirable or unnecessary movements that might occur as the
prime mover contracts.

A

synergists

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5
Q

When synergists immobilize a bone, or a muscle’s origin so that the prime mover has a stable base on which to act, they are more specifically called ________.

A

fixators

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6
Q

Skeletal muscles are named according to a number of criteria:

A
  1. Location of the muscle.
  2. Shape of the muscle.
  3. Relative size of the muscle.
  4. Direction of muscle fibers.
  5. Number of origins.
  6. Location of the attachments.
  7. Action.
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7
Q

This means muscle overlies the temporal bone.

A

temporalis

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8
Q

This means muscles run between the ribs.

A

intercostal

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9
Q

This means muscle is roughly triangular.

A

deltoid

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10
Q

This means muscles form a trapezoid.

A

trapezius

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11
Q

The following terms mean:

  1. maximus
  2. minimus
  3. longus
  4. brevis
A
  1. largest
  2. smallest
  3. long
  4. short
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12
Q

The following terms means straight or fibers run parallel to that imaginary line.

A

rectus

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13
Q

The terms _______ and _______ indicate that the muscle fibers run respectively at right angles and obliquely to that line.

A

transversus and oblique

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14
Q

Arrangement of Fascicles

A
  1. Circular
  2. Convergent
  3. Parallel
  4. Unipennate
  5. Bipennate
  6. Fusiform
  7. Multipennate
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15
Q

The fascicular pattern is _______ when the fascicles are arranged in concentric rings.

A

circular

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16
Q

A ________ muscle has a broad origin, and its fascicles converge toward a single tendon of insertion.

A

convergent

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17
Q

In what arrangement does the long axes of the fascicles run parallel to the long axis of the muscle?

A

parallel

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18
Q

Some authorities classify the spindle-shaped muscles into a separate class as ________ muscles.

A

fusiform

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19
Q

In a _______ pattern, the fascicles are short and they attach obliquely to a central tendon that runs the length of the muscle.

A

pennate

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20
Q

Refers to the partnerships between the muscular and skeletal systems.

A

lever systems

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21
Q

A ____ is a rigid bar that moves on a fixed

point called the _____, when a force is applied to it.

A

lever; fulcrum

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22
Q

Effort farther than load from fulcrum equals _______.

A

mechanical advantage

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23
Q

Effort nearer than load to fulcrum equals ________.

A

mechanical disadvantage and is a speed lever

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24
Q

In ________, the effort is applied at one end of the lever and the load is at the other, with the fulcrum somewhere between.

A

first-class levers

eg. scissors, and seesaws

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25
Q

In a _______, the effort is applied at one end of the lever and the fulcrum is located at the other, with the load between them.

A

second-class lever

eg. wheelbarrow

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26
Q

True or False. Some first-class levers in the body operate at a mechanical advantage (for strength).

A

True

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27
Q

True or False. The action of the triceps muscle in extending the forearm against resistance, operate at a mechanical disadvantage (for strength).

A

False. for SPEED and DISTANCE

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28
Q

True or False. All second-class levers in the body work at a mechanical disadvantage.

A

False. All second-class levers in the body work at a MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE.

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29
Q

In ________, the effort is applied between the load and the fulcrum.

A

third-class levers

eg. tweezers and forceps

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30
Q

True or False. Third-class levers are speedy and always operate at a mechanical disadvantage.

A

True

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31
Q

Bipartite muscle consisting of the frontal and occipital bellies connected by a cranial aponeurosis, the galea aponeurotica; the alternate actions of these two muscles pull scalp forward and backward.

A

Epicranius (occipitofrontalis)

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32
Q

Covers forehead and dome of skull; no bony attachments.

With aponeurosis fixed, raises the eyebrows (as in surprise); wrinkles forehead skin horizontally

A

Frontal belly

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33
Q

Overlies posterior occiput; by pulling on the galea, fixes origin of frontalis.

Fixes aponeurosis and
pulls scalp posteriorly

A

Occipital belly

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34
Q

Small muscle; activity associated with that of orbicularis oculi

Draws eyebrows together and inferiorly; wrinkles skin of forehead vertically (as in frowning)

A

Corrugator supercilii

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35
Q

Closes eye; various parts can be activated individually; produces blinking, squinting, and draws eyebrows inferiorly

A

Orbicularis oculi

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36
Q

Raises lateral corners of mouth upward (smiling muscle)

A

Zygomaticus

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37
Q

Draws corner of lip laterally; tenses lips; synergist

of zygomaticus

A

Risorius

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38
Q

Opens lips; raises and furrows the upper lip

A

Levator labii superioris

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39
Q

Draws lower lip inferiorly (as in a pout)

A

Depressor labii inferioris

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40
Q

Draws corners of mouth downward and laterally

(as in a “tragedy mask” grimace); zygomaticus antagonist

A

Depressor anguli oris

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41
Q

Closes lips; purses and protrudes lips; kissing and

whistling muscle

A

Orbicularis oris

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42
Q

Wrinkles chin; protrudes lower lip

A

Mentalis

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43
Q

Compresses cheek (as in whistling and sucking);
trampoline-like action holds food between teeth
during chewing; draws corner of mouth laterally;
well developed in nursing infants

A

Buccinator

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44
Q

Tenses skin of neck (e.g., during shaving); helps depress mandible; pulls lower lip back and down,
i.e., produces downward sag of mouth

A

Platysma

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45
Q

Prime mover of jaw closure; elevates mandible

A

Masseter

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46
Q

Closes jaw; elevates and retracts mandible;
maintains position of the mandible at rest; deep
anterior part may help protract mandible

A

Temporalis

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47
Q

Acts with the lateral pterygoid muscle to protrude (protract) mandible and to promote sideto-side side (grinding) movements; synergist of temporalis and masseter muscles in elevation of the mandible

A

Medial pterygoid

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48
Q

Provides forward sliding and side-to-side grinding

movements of the lower teeth; protrudes mandible (pulls it anteriorly)

A

Lateral pterygoid

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49
Q

Compresses the cheek; helps keep food between

grinding surfaces of teeth during chewing

A

Buccinator

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50
Q

Protracts tongue; can depress or act in concert with other extrinsic muscles to retract tongue

A

Genioglossus

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51
Q

Depresses tongue and draws its sides downward

A

Hyoglossus

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52
Q

Retracts (and elevates) tongue

A

Styloglossus

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53
Q

Muscles that help form floor of oral cavity, anchor tongue, elevate hyoid, and move larynx superiorly during swallowing; lie superior to hyoid bone.

A

Suprahyoid muscles

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54
Q

Open mouth and depress mandible; acting in concert, the digastric muscles elevate hyoid bone and steady it during swallowing and speech

A

Digastric

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55
Q

Elevates and retracts hyoid, thereby elongating

floor of mouth during swallowing

A

Stylohyoid

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56
Q

Elevates hyoid bone and floor of mouth, enabling
tongue to exert backward and upward pressure that
forces food bolus into pharynx

A

Mylohyoid

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57
Q

Pulls hyoid bone superiorly and anteriorly, shortening floor of mouth and widening pharynx for receiving food

A

Geniohyoid

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58
Q

Straplike muscles that depress the hyoid bone and larynx during swallowing and speaking.

A

Infrahyoid

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59
Q

Depresses larynx and hyoid bone if mandible is

fixed; may also flex skull

A

Sternohyoid

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60
Q

Pulls larynx and hyoid bone inferiorly

A

Sternothyroid

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61
Q

Depresses and retracts hyoid bone

A

Omohyoid

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62
Q

Depresses hyoid bone or elevates larynx if hyoid is

fixed

A

Thyrohyoid

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63
Q

Constrict pharynx during swallowing, which propels a food bolus to esophagus (via a massagelike action called peristalsis)

A

Pharyngeal constrictor

muscles

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64
Q

What is the major head flexors?

A

sternocleidomastoid muscles

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65
Q

The largest of the deep back muscle groups is the ________.

A

erector spinae group

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66
Q

Flexes and laterally rotates the head

A

Sternocleidomastoid

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67
Q

Elevate first two ribs (aid in inspiration); flex and

rotate neck

A

Scalenes

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68
Q

Extend or hyperextend head; when splenius muscles on one side are activated, head is rotated and bent laterally toward same side

A

Splenius

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69
Q

Extend and laterally flex the vertebral column; maintain erect posture; acting on one side, bend vertebral column to same side

A

Iliocostalis

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70
Q

Thoracis and cervicis act together to extend and laterally flex vertebral column; capitis extends head
and turns the face toward same side

A

Longissimus

71
Q

Extends vertebral column

A

Spinalis

72
Q

Extends vertebral column and head and rotates

them to opposite side; acts synergistically with sternocleidomastoid muscles of opposite side

A

Semispinalis

73
Q

Flexes vertebral column laterally when acting
separately; when pair acts jointly, lumbar spine is
extended and 12th rib is fixed; maintains upright
posture; assists in forced inspiration

A

Quadratus lumborum

74
Q

They lift the rib cage, an action that increases the anterior to posterior and side-to-side dimensions of the thorax.

A

external intercostal muscles

75
Q

The __________ form the deeper layer and may aid active (forced) expiration by depressing the rib cage.

A

internal intercostal muscles

76
Q

Prime mover of inspiration; flattens on contraction, increasing vertical dimensions of thorax; when strongly contracted, dramatically increases intra-abdominal pressure

A

Diaphragm

77
Q

Flex and rotate lumbar region of vertebral column;
fix and depress ribs, stabilize pelvis during walking,
increase intra-abdominal pressure; used in sit-ups,
curls

A

Rectus abdominis

78
Q

When pair contract simultaneously, flex vertebral column and compress abdominal wall and increase
intra-abdominal pressure; acting individually, aid
muscles of back in trunk rotation and lateral flexion; used in oblique curls

A

External oblique

79
Q

As for external oblique

A

Internal oblique

80
Q

Compresses abdominal contents

A

Transversus abdominis

81
Q

Supports and maintains position of pelvic viscera

A

Levator ani

82
Q

Supports coccyx and pulls it forward after it has been

reflected posteriorly by defecation and childbirth

A

Coccygeus

83
Q

Supports pelvic organs; steadies central tendon

A

Deep transverse perineal muscle

84
Q

Constricts urethra; allows voluntary inhibition of

urination; helps support pelvic organs

A

External urethral sphincter

85
Q

Retards venous drainage and maintains erection of

penis or clitoris

A

Ischiocavernosus

86
Q

Empties male urethra; assists in erection of penis

and of clitoris

A

Bulbospongiosus

87
Q

Stabilizes and strengthens midline tendon of perineum

A

Superficial transverse perineal muscles

88
Q

With ribs fixed, draws scapula forward and

downward

A

Pectoralis minor

89
Q

Rotates scapula so that its inferior angle moves laterally and upward

A

Serratus anterior

90
Q

Helps stabilize and depress pectoral girdle

A

Subclavius

91
Q

Stabilizes, raises, retracts, and rotates scapula

A

Trapezius

92
Q

Elevates/adducts scapula in concert with superior

fibers of trapezius

A

Levator scapulae

93
Q

Stabilize scapula

A

Rhomboids

94
Q

Prime mover of arm flexion; rotates arm medially;

adducts arm against resistance

A

Pectoralis major

95
Q

Prime mover of arm abduction when all its fibers

contract simultaneously

A

Deltoid

96
Q

Prime mover of arm extension; powerful arm adductor; medially rotates arm at shoulder

A

Latissimus dorsi

97
Q

Chief medial rotator of humerus

A

Subscapularis

98
Q

Initiates abduction

A

Supraspinatus

99
Q

Rotates humerus laterally

A

Infraspinatus

100
Q

Same action(s) as infraspinatus muscle

A

Teres minor

101
Q

Extends, medially rotates, and adducts humerus;

synergist of latissimus dorsi

A

Teres major

102
Q

Flexion and adduction of the humerus; synergist of

pectoralis major

A

Coracobrachialis

103
Q

Powerful forearm extensor

A

Triceps brachii

104
Q

Controls ulnar abduction during forearm pronation

A

Anconeus

105
Q

Flexes elbow joint and supinates forearm

A

Biceps brachii

106
Q

A major forearm flexor (lifts ulna as biceps lifts

the radius)

A

Brachialis

107
Q

Synergist in forearm flexion

A

Brachioradialis

108
Q

Pronates forearm; weak flexor of elbow

A

Pronator teres

109
Q

Powerful flexor of wrist; abducts hand; weak synergist of elbow flexion

A

Flexor carpi radialis

110
Q

Tenses skin and fascia of palm during hand movements; weak wrist flexor; weak synergist for elbow flexion

A

Palmaris longus

111
Q

Powerful flexor of wrist; also adducts hand in concert with extensor carpi ulnaris (posterior muscle);
stabilizes wrist during finger extension

A

Flexor carpi urnalis

112
Q

Flexes wrist and middle phalanges of fingers 2–5;

the important finger flexor when speed and flexion against resistance are required

A

Flexor digitorum superficialis

113
Q

Flexes distal phalanx of thumb

A

Flexor pollicis longus

114
Q

Flexes distal interphalangeal joints

A

Flexor digitorum profundus

115
Q

Prime mover of forearm pronation; acts with
pronator teres; also helps hold ulna and radius
together

A

Pronator quadratus

116
Q

Extends wrist in conjunction with the extensor carpi ulnaris and abducts wrist in conjunction with the flexor carpi radialis

A

Extensor carpi radialis longus

117
Q

Extends and abducts wrist; acts synergistically
with extensor carpi radialis longus to steady wrist
during finger flexion

A

Extensor carpi radialis brevis

118
Q

Prime mover of finger extension

A

Extensor digitorum

119
Q

Extends wrist in conjunction with the extensor carpi radialis and adducts wrist in conjunction with flexor carpi ulnaris

A

Extensor carpi urnalis

120
Q

Assists biceps brachii to forcibly supinate forearm

A

Supinator

121
Q

Assists biceps brachii to forcibly supinate forearm

A

Abductor pollicis longus

122
Q

Extends thumb

A

Extensor pollicis brevis and longus

123
Q

Extends index finger and assists in wrist extension

A

Extensor indicis

124
Q

Abducts little finger at metacarpophalangeal joint

A

Abductor digiti minimi

125
Q

Flexes little finger at metacarpophalangeal joint

A

Flexor digiti minimi brevis

126
Q

Helps in opposition: brings metacarpal 5 toward thumb to cup the hand

A

Opponens digiti minimi

127
Q

Flex fingers at metacarpophalangeal joints but extend fingers at interphalangeal joints

A

Lumbricals

128
Q

Adductors of fingers: pull fingers in toward third digit

A

Palmar interossei

129
Q

Abduct (diverge) fingers; extend fingers at interphalangeal joints and flex them at metacarpophalangeal joints

A

Dorsal interossei

130
Q

Iliopsoas is a composite of 2 closely related muscles

A
  1. Iliacus

2. Psoas major

131
Q

Flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates thigh; flexes

knee

A

Sartorius

132
Q

A triangular muscle with a broad insertion

A

Adductor magnus

133
Q

Overlies middle aspect of adductor magnus

A

Adductor longus

134
Q

Largely concealed by adductor longus and pectineus

A

Adductor brevis

135
Q

Short, flat muscle; overlies adductor brevis on proximal thigh; abuts adductor longus medially

A

Pectineus

136
Q

Long, thin, superficial muscle of medial thigh

A

Gracilis

137
Q

Superficial muscle of anterior thigh; runs straight down thigh; longest head and only muscle of group to cross hip joint

A

Rectos femoris

138
Q

Largest head of the quadriceps femoris group, forms lateral aspect of thigh

A

Vastus lateralis

139
Q

Forms inferomedial aspect of thigh

A

Vastus medialis

140
Q

Obscured by rectus femoris; lies between vastus lateralis and vastus medialis on anterior thigh

A

vastus intermedius

141
Q

Steadies the knee and trunk on thigh by making iliotibial tract taut; flexes and abducts thigh; rotates thigh medially

A

Tensor fasciae latae

142
Q

Major extensor of thigh

A

Gluteus maximus

143
Q

Thick muscle largely covered by gluteus maximus;

abducts and medially rotates thigh

A

Gluteus medius

144
Q

Smallest and deepest of gluteal muscles

A

Gluteus minimus

145
Q

Pyramidal muscle located on posterior aspect of hip joint

A

Piriformis

146
Q

Flat, triangular muscle deep in superomedial aspect of thigh

A

Obturator externus

147
Q

Surrounds obturator foramen within pelvis; leaves
pelvis via lesser sciatic notch and turns acutely
forward to insert in femur

A

Obturator internus

148
Q

Two small muscles with common insertions and actions; considered extrapelvic portions of obturator internus

A

Gemellus

149
Q

Short, thick muscle; most inferior of lateral rotator

muscles; extends laterally from pelvis

A

Quadratus femoris

150
Q

Most lateral muscle of the hamstrings group; arises from two heads

A

Biceps femoris

151
Q

Lies medial to biceps femoris

A

Semitendinosus

152
Q

Deep to semitendinosus

A

Semimembranosus

153
Q

Superficial muscle of anterior leg; laterally parallels sharp anterior margin of tibia

A

Tibialis anterior

154
Q

Unipennate muscle on anterolateral surface of leg;

lateral to tibialis anterior muscle

A

Extensor digitorum longus

155
Q

Dorsiflexes and everts foot

A

Fibularis (peroneus) tertius

156
Q

Extends great toe; dorsiflexes foot

A

Extensor hallucis longus

157
Q

Superficial lateral muscle; overlies fibula

A

Fibularis (peroneus) longus

158
Q

Smaller muscle; deep to fibularis longus; enclosed in a common sheath

A

Fibularis (peroneus) brevis

159
Q

Superficial muscle of pair; two prominent bellies that form proximal curve of calf

A

Gastrocnemius

160
Q

Broad, flat muscle, deep to gastrocnemius on posterior surface of calf

A

Soleus

161
Q

Generally a small, feeble muscle, but varies in size and extent; may be absent

A

Plantaris

162
Q

Thin, triangular muscle at posterior knee; passes inferomedially to tibial surface

A

Popliteus

163
Q

Long, narrow muscle; runs medial to and partially overlies tibialis posterior

A

Flexor digitorum longus

164
Q

Bipennate muscle; lies lateral to inferior aspect

of tibialis posterior

A

Flexor hallucis longus

165
Q

Thick, flat muscle deep to soleus; placed between

posterior flexors

A

Tibialis posterior

166
Q

Helps extend toes at metatarsophalangeal joints; small, four-part muscle on dorsum of foot

A

Extensor digitorum brevis

167
Q

Bandlike muscle in middle of sole; corresponds to

flexor digitorum superficialis of forearm and inserts into digits in the same way

A

Flexor digitorum brevis

168
Q

Abducts great toe

A

Abductor hallucis

169
Q

Abducts and flexes little toe

A

Abductor digiti minimi

170
Q

Straightens out the oblique pull of flexor digitorum longus

A

Flexor accessorius (quadratus plantae)

171
Q

Four little “worms”

A

Lumbricals

172
Q

Flexes great toe’s metatarsophalangeal joint

A

Flexor hallucis brevis

173
Q

Helps maintain the transverse arch of foot; weak adductor of great toe

A

Adductor hallucis

174
Q

Flexes little toe at metatarsophalangeal joint

A

Flexor digiti minimi brevis

Anatomy and Physiology (8 decks)

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