Skeletal System Flashcards
Axial
Skull, rib cage, sternum. Function is to protect the organs
Appendicular
Limbs. (Arms, legs)
Two types of skeleton
Axial and appendicular
How many bones are there in the body?
206 bones
Functions of the Skeletal System
Support and protection, body movement, producing blood cells, and storing fat
Long Bones
Cylinder-like shape, leverage, femur, tibia.
Short Bones
Cube-like shape, provide stability and support while allowing some motion, carpals, tarsals
Flat Bones
Thin and curved, points of attachment for muscles; protectors of internal organs, sternum, ribs, etc.
Irregular Bones
Protect Internal organs, vertebrae, facial bones
Sesamoid Bones
Protect tendons from compressive forces, patellae
Epiphysis
Ends of bone
Diaphysis
The shaft of the bone
Articular Cartilage
hyaline cartilage, padding
Periosteum
the membrane that covers the entire bone
Medullary Cavity
the hollow chamber filled with bone marrow
Red Bone Marrow
Red marrow is where hematopoiesis—the production of blood cells—takes place. Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are all produced in the red marrow.
Yellow Bone Marrow
Yellow marrow contains adipose tissue; the triglycerides stored in the adipocytes of the tissue can serve as a source of energy.
Compact Bone Tissue
wall of the diaphysis
Spongy Bone Tissue
(cancellous, epiphysis) - red marrow
Pivot Joint
At a pivot joint, a rounded portion of a bone is enclosed within a ring formed partially by the articulation with another bone and partially by a ligament. The bone rotates within this ring. Since the rotation is around a single axis, pivot joints are functionally classified as uniaxial joints.
Hinge Joint
This type of joint allows only for bending and straightening motions along a single axis, and thus hinge joints are functionally classified as uniaxial joints.
Condyloid Joint
At a condyloid joint (ellipsoid joint), the shallow depression at the end of one bone articulates with a rounded structure from an adjacent bone or bones.
Functionally, condyloid joints are biaxial joints that allow for two planes of movement.
Saddle Joint
This allows the two bones to fit together like a rider sitting on a saddle. Saddle joints are functionally classified as biaxial joints.
Plane Joint
The motion at this type of joint is usually small and tightly constrained by surrounding ligaments. Based only on their shape, plane joints can allow multiple movements, including rotation. Thus plane joints can be functionally classified as multiaxial joints.
Ball-and-Socket Joint
The joint with the greatest range of motion is the ball-and-socket joint. Ball-and-socket joints are classified functionally as multiaxial joints.
Flexion/Extension
Flexion (anterior flexion) is an anterior (forward) bending of the neck or body, while extension involves a posterior-directed motion, such as straightening from a flexed position or bending backward.
Abduction/Adduction/Circumduction
Adduction - Moves the limb laterally away from the midline of the body, Abduction - Brings the limb toward the body or across the midline, Circumduction - Movement of a body region in a circular manner, in which one end of the body region being moved stays relatively stationary while the other end describes a circle.
Rotation
Rotation can occur within the vertebral column, at a pivot joint, or at a ball-and-socket joint.
Supination/Pronation
Pronation is the motion that moves the forearm from the supinated (anatomical) position to the pronated (palm backward) position. Supination is the opposite motion, in which rotation of the radius returns the bones to their parallel positions and moves the palm to the anterior facing (supinated) position.
Dorsiflexion/Plantar Flexion
Lifting the front of the foot, so that the top of the foot moves toward the anterior leg is dorsiflexion while lifting the heel of the foot from the ground or pointing the toes downward is plantar flexion.
Inversion/Eversion
Inversion is the turning of the foot to angle the bottom of the foot toward the midline, while eversion turns the bottom of the foot away from the midline.
Protraction/Retraction
Protraction of the scapula occurs when the shoulder is moved forward, as when pushing against something or throwing a ball.
Retraction is the opposite motion, with the scapula being pulled posteriorly and medially, toward the vertebral column.
Depression/Elevation
The upward movement of the scapula and shoulder is elevation, while a downward movement is a depression. These movements are used to shrug your shoulders.
Opposition/Reposition
Opposition is the thumb movement that brings the tip of the thumb in contact with the tip of a finger. Returning the thumb to its anatomical position next to the index finger is called reposition.
How many bones are in the cranium?
22 bones
Movable bone in the skull
mandible
5 Vertebral regions
The single sacrum, which is also part of the pelvis, is formed by the fusion of five sacral vertebrae. Similarly, the coccyx, or tailbone, results from the fusion of four small coccygeal vertebrae.
How many vertebrae are in cervical
7
How many vertebrae are in thoracic
12
How many vertebrae are in lumbar
5
Scoliosis
Scoliosis is an abnormal, lateral curvature, accompanied by twisting of the vertebral column.
Kyphosis
humpback or hunchback is an excessive posterior curvature of the thoracic region.
Lordosis
can be called a swayback and is an excessive anterior curvature of the lumbar region and is most commonly associated with obesity or late pregnancy.
What does the thoracic cage protect
The thoracic cage protects the heart and lungs.
Costal Cartilage
These cartilages are made of hyaline cartilage and can extend for several inches. Most ribs are then attached, either directly or indirectly, to the sternum via their costal cartilage.
Three types of ribs and how many of each
Ribs 1–7 are classified as true ribs, Ribs 8–12 are called false ribs, The last two false ribs (11–12) are also called floating ribs (vertebral ribs).
Main bones of the pectoral girdle
The scapula (shoulder blade) lies on the posterior aspect of the shoulder. It is supported by the clavicle, which also articulates with the humerus (arm bone) to form the shoulder joint. The scapula is a flat, triangular-shaped bone with a prominent ridge running across its posterior surface.
Humerus
he humerus is the arm bone between your shoulder and your elbow. There are two types of humerus fractures based on the location of the break(s).
Radius
The radius is one of the two bones that make up the forearm, the other being the ulna. It forms the radio-carpel joint at the wrist and the radio-ulnar joint at the elbow. It is in the lateral forearm when in the anatomical position.
Carpals
The carpal bones are bones of the wrist that connect the distal aspects of the radial and ulnar bones of the forearm to the bases of the five metacarpal bones of the hand.
Metacarpals
In humans the five metacarpals are flat at the back of the hand and bowed on the palmar side; they form a longitudinal arch that accommodates the muscles, tendons, and nerves of the palm.
Phalanges
The phalanges are the bones that make up the fingers of the hand and the toes of the foot.
Femur
Femur, also called thighbone, upper bone of the leg or hind leg. The head forms a ball-and-socket joint with the hip (at the acetabulum), being held in place by a ligament (ligamentum teres femoris) within the socket and by strong surrounding ligaments.
Tibia
The tibia is the shinbone, the larger of the two bones in the lower leg. The top of the tibia connects to the knee joint and the bottom connects to the ankle joint.
Fibula
Fibula, outer of two bones of the lower leg or hind limb, presumably so named (fibula is Latin for “brooch”) because the inner bone, the tibia, and the fibula together resemble an ancient brooch, or pin.
Tarsals
Tarsal, any of several short, angular bones that in humans make up the ankle and that—in animals that walk on their toes (e.g., dogs, cats) or on hoofs—are contained in the hock, lifted off the ground. The tarsals correspond to the carpal bones of the upper limb.
Metatarsals
The metatarsal bones are the bones of the forefoot that connect the distal aspects of the cuneiform (medial, intermediate and lateral) bones and cuboid bone to the base of the five phalanges of the foot.
Transverse
Occurs straight across the axis of the bone
Oblique
Occurs at an angle that is not 90 degrees
Spiral
Bone segments that are pulled apart as a result of a twisting motion
Comminuted
Several breaks result in many small pieces between two large ssegments
Impacted
One fragment is drien into the other, usually as a result of compression
Greenstick
A partial fracture in which only one side of the bone is broken
Open (compound)
A fracture in which at least one end of the broken bone tears through the skin; high risk of infection
Closed (Simple)
A fracture in which the skin remaind intact
Ulna
The ulna is one of two bones that make up the forearm, the other being the radius. It forms the elbow joint with the humerus and also articulates with the radius both proximally and distally. It is located in the medial forearm when the arm is in the anatomical position.
