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MSK Exam 2 > Skeletal Muscles & Nerve Tissue > Flashcards

Skeletal Muscles & Nerve Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Muscle tissue is specialized for _________.

A

Contraction

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2
Q

Contraction occurs when thin _______ microfilaments and thick ________ filaments, organized into structures called ________ in the cytoplasm, slide past one another.

A

Actin
Myosin
Myofibrils

***Remember a group of Myofibrils make one Myofiber, which is one skeletal muscle cell!

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3
Q

What are the types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac

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4
Q

This type of muscle tissue is striated and voluntary.

A

Skeletal muscle

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5
Q

This type of tissue is striated and involuntary.

A

Cardiac muscle

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6
Q

This type of tissue is non-striated and involuntary.

A

Smooth muscle

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7
Q

This type of muscle helps with movement and posture and makes up 40 percent of body mass.

A

Skeletal muscle

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8
Q

This type of muscle pumps blood through the CV system. It also contains intercalated discs.

A

Cardiac muscle

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9
Q

This type of muscle functions in visceral organ tone and movement, walls of hollow viscera, and blood vessels (vasodilation and vasoconstriction).

A

Smooth muscle

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10
Q

Skeletal muscle cells are called ________, myofibers, or muscle fibers.

A

Myocytes

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11
Q

A group of myofibers form a _________.

A

Fascicle

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12
Q

This is the layer of CT that surrounds individual myofibers.

A

Endomysium

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13
Q

A bundle of myofibers make a fascicle, and each fascicle is surrounded by what layer of CT?

A

Perimysium

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14
Q

Fascicles come together to form the whole muscle, and the entire muscle is surrounded by what layer of CT?

A

Epimysium

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15
Q

T/F. Skeletal muscle cells are mononucleated cylinders commonly referred to as myofibers.

A

False. Skeletal muscle cells are multinucleated cylinders commonly referred to as myofibers.

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16
Q

Where are the nuclei of skeletal muscle cells located?

A

In the periphery of the cell

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17
Q

What primarily occupies the cytoplasm of skeletal muscle cells?

A

Myofibrils

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18
Q

The basic structural unit of the Myofibril is a __________. Each cell has thousands of these.

A

Sarcomere

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19
Q

These two structures of the skeletal muscle cell function in Calcium storage and sleeves around each Myofibril.

A

Sarcolemma

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

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20
Q

These are invaginations of the Sarcolemma.

A

Transverse Tubules (T-Tubules)

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21
Q

These are dilated ends of the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum that release Calcium. They trigger a muscle contraction.

A

Terminal Cisternae

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22
Q

When a muscle cell contracts, every Sarcomere (LENGTHENS/SHORTENS).

A

Shortens

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23
Q

A Sarcomere extends from what line to what line?

A

Z-line to the next Z-line

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24
Q

This part of the Sarcomere is the anchor site for actin (thin) filaments.

A

Z-line

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25
Q

This part of the Sarcomere ONLY contains actin (thin) filaments.

A

I-Band

***Remember, this and H-Zone shorten!

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26
Q

This part of the Sarcomere is the anchor site for the myosin (thick) filaments.

A

M-line

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27
Q

This part of the Sarcomere contains ONLY myosin (thick) filaments.

A

H-Zone

***Remember, this and I-Band shorten!

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28
Q

This part of the Sarcomere is an overlap of thick and thin filaments and includes the H-Zone.

A

A-Band

***Remember, this one doesn’t change in length!

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29
Q

When a muscle cell contracts, the (THICK/THIN) filaments slide past the (THICK/THIN) filaments toward the center of the Sarcomere, bringing the Z-lines closer together.

A

Thin

Thick

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30
Q

Every myofibril in a muscle cell shortens at the same time, thus the entire muscle cell _________.

A

Contracts

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31
Q

Do the thick and thin filaments change in length during a muscle contraction?

A

NO. Only the degree of overlap changes.

32
Q

T/F. Myosin heads (thick filament) bind to Tropomyosin (thin filament).

A

False. Myosin heads bind to actin.

33
Q

______ drives the movement of Myosin heads along Actin filaments.

34
Q

In a thin filament, _________ runs in the groove formed by F-actin strands and binds to the ________ complex.

A

Tropomyosin

Troponin

35
Q

This type of Troponin binds the complex to Tropomyosin.

A

Troponin T

36
Q

This type of Troponin inhibits the binding of Myosin to Actin.

A

Troponin I

37
Q

This type of Troponin binds Calcium.

A

Troponin C

38
Q

Each molecule of Tropomyosin extends for the length of ________ Actin monomers.

39
Q

How are muscle fibers categorized?

A
    • Type of contraction generated and ATP supply

- - Contractions differ in power, speed, and duration

40
Q

The following characteristics are describing what type of skeletal muscle fiber?

    • Contains slow ATPase
    • Red due to high myoglobin
    • Contractions slower and less powerful
    • Contract for long periods of time without fatigue
A

Type I fibers (slow oxidative)

41
Q

The following characteristics are describing what type of skeletal muscle fiber?

    • Largest and most prevalent
    • Intermediate ATPase
    • Provides power
    • Primarily aerobic
    • Intermediate fatigue
A

Type IIa fibers (Oxidative-Glycolytic)

42
Q

The following characteristics are describing what type of skeletal muscle fiber?

    • Fast ATPase
    • Produces fast contractions
    • Largely anaerobic
    • Rapid fatigue
    • Lower myoglobin content
A

Type IIb fibers (fast glycolytic)

43
Q

Nerve tissue have two basic cell types, which are…

A

Neurons

Neuroglia (neuron supporting cells)

44
Q

Neurons have two majors parts: the cell body and cell processes, which include ________ and ________.

A

Dendrites

Axons

45
Q

Neuron clusters in the PNS are referred to as ________.

46
Q

Neuron clusters in the CNS are referred to as ________.

47
Q

________ are the “functional” cells of nerve tissue. They receive, process, and transmit electrical signals.

48
Q

When a neuron is stained to be viewed under a microscope, the _______ _______ is the abundant rER that take up the stain. It reflects the need to make lots of neurotransmitters and protein to maintain this large cell.

A

Nissl Substance

49
Q

What part of the neuron processes the electrical information?

50
Q

(AXONS/DENDRITES) carry electrical signals toward the nerve cell body, while (AXONS/DENDRITES) carry electrical signals away from the nerve cell body.

A

Dendrites

Axons

51
Q

How many axons are there per neuron?

52
Q

This is where electrical signals are transferred from the axon terminal of the nerve to an effector cell.

53
Q

This class of neuron has many dendrites and one axon.

A

Multipolar

54
Q

This class of neuron has one dendrite and one axon.

A

Bipolar

***See this in Retina

55
Q

This class of neuron has one short cell process from which branches a single axon and single dendrite.

A

Unipolar

***See this in dorsal root ganglia sensory neurons

56
Q

These cells surround the soma (cell body) of the neuron in the PNS.

A

Satellite cells

57
Q

These cells form a myelin sheath around nerve fibers in the PNS.

A

Schwann cells

58
Q

T/F. Axons in the CNS and PNS can be myelinated or unmyelinated.

59
Q

How do Schwann cells and Oligodendrocytes differ in how they myelinate axons?

A

Schwann cells (PNS) – wraps itself around the axon

Oligodendrocytes (CNS) – wraps a cell process around the axon

60
Q

Explain how myelination makes transmission signals faster?

A

Unmyelinated sections between myelination, called Nodes of Ranvier, makes the signal jump from node to node. Thus, by having myelination the signal moves faster because it jumps over those sections.

61
Q

Organization of CT surrounding peripheral nerves is reminiscent of skeletal muscle. __________ CT is between axons, _________ CT surrounds clusters of axons forming fascicles, and __________ surrounds several nerve fascicles.

A

Endoneurium
Perineurium
Epineurium

62
Q

What are the parts of a synapse?

A

1) Presynaptic knob (axon terminal)
2) Synaptic cleft
3) Presynaptic membrane
4) Postsynaptic membrane

63
Q

Synaptic vesicles in the presynaptic knob contain a __________ that is released into the synaptic cleft by exocytosis.

A

Neurotransmitter

64
Q

The neurotransmitter binds to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane, which stimulates the postsynaptic cell. What are examples of neurotransmitters?

A

Acetylcholine

Noradrenaline

65
Q

T/F. All muscle types receive an axon terminal and are directly innervated.

A

False. Skeletal muscle receives an axon terminal, but not all cardiac or smooth muscle cells are directly innervated.

66
Q

This the term for the ends of nerve fibers that store and release chemical messengers (neurotransmitters) at neuromuscular junctions.

A

Axon terminals

67
Q

This is the space between the axon terminal and muscle cell plasma membrane (sarcolemma).

A

Synaptic cleft

68
Q

ACh stimulates changes in the Sarcolemma that excite the muscle fiber. This stimulus is carried down the ________ to initiate fiber contraction.

69
Q

Some enzymes in the synaptic cleft will break down ACh and thus limit its action to what?

A

A single muscle twitch

70
Q

What is the purpose of muscle spindle and tendon receptors?

A

Monitor changes in length, rate of change, and tension of muscles or tendons.

71
Q

These are specialized fibers inside the muscle spindle that are made up of Nuclear Bag Fibers and Nuclear Chain Fibers.

A

Intrafusal Fibers

72
Q

This type of Intrafusal Fiber is wrapped at the center by Type Ia nerve fibers and detects change in length and degree of tension.

A

Nuclear Bag Fibers

73
Q

This type of Intrafusal Fiber is wrapped at their ends by Type II nerve fibers and detect static muscle length.

A

Nuclear Chain Fibers

74
Q

These are specialized fibers outside the muscle spindle and are made up of Alpha motor fibers.

A

Extrafusal Fibers

75
Q

This is the term for encapsulated receptors found within myotendinous junctions that sense tension within the tendon.

A

Golgi Tendon Organs

MSK Exam 2 (26 decks)

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