skeletal and muscular system Flashcards
functions of skeleton
shape and support
movement
protection
blood production
types of bones
long, short, irregular, flat
explain function of skeleton: shape and support
skeleton forms frame for muscles to attach and organs to sit. flat bones best for muscle attachment
explain function of skeleton: movement
muscles attached to skeleton by tendons. when muscle contracts, pull on bones, creating movement at joint (lever)
explain function of skeleton: protection
protect soft, delicate vital organs
explain function of skeleton: blood production
centre of some large bones contains red bone marrow, which creates red blood cells
explain function of long bones
act as levers to produce a wide range of motion
explain function of short bones
provide stability and support, with little movement
explain function of flat bones
provide a large surface area for muscles to attach to. they also provide protection for vital organs
irregular bones
provide protection and support. shaped to suit specific role
what are the joint types
fixed/immovable
slightly movable/cartilaginous
freely movable/synovial
describe fixed/immovable joints
fibrous joint, no movement possible
describe freely movable/synovial joints
can produce a large ROM but are more susceptible to injury
describe slightly movable/cartilaginous joints
can move a small amount as they are linked together by ligaments and cartilage
explain function of part of synovial joint: synovial membrane
secretes synovial fluid to keep joint lubricated
explain function of part of synovial joint: synovial fluid
acts as a lubricant that reduces friction. allows for smoother movement and reduces wear and tear
explain function of part of synovial joint: joint capsule
- seals joint
- provides stability
- surrounds and protects joint, holding bones together
explain function of part of synovial joint: ligament
connects bone to bone, stabilising joint
explain function of part of synovial joint: cartilage
acts as a shock absorber/cushion, reduces friction
explain function of part of synovial joint: tendon
connect muscle to bone, allows movement to occur. enables joint to withstand tension
types of synovial joint
ball and socket, hinge
describe hinge joints
only allow movement in 1 plane (flexion/extension). more stable, less injury prone
describe ball and socket joints
one bone has bulge/ball that fits into a socket in the other bone. allow movement in 3 planes. less stable, more injury prone
name the movement pairs
flexion, extension
abduction, adduction
dorsiflexion, plantarflexion
rotation
circumduction
what are the main actions of the trapezius
holds and rotates shoulders. moves head backwards and sideways
what are the main actions of the deltoids
raises arm forwards, backwards, sideways at the shoulder
what are the main actions of the pectorals
adduction and internal rotation at shoulder
what are the main actions of the biceps
causes flexion at the elbow
what are the main actions of the triceps
causes extension at the elbow
what are the main actions of the latissimus dorsi
pulls arm down at shoulder and draws it behind back
what are the main actions of the abdominals
causes spine to flex to bend forward. create pull in abdomen
what are the main actions of the hip flexors
flexion of the leg at hip
what are the main actions of the gluteals
extension and abduction of leg at hip
what are main actions of quadriceps
causes extension at the knee
what are the main actions of the hamstrings
causes flexion at the knee
what are the main actions of the gastrocnemius
plantarflexion
what are the main actions of the tibialis anterior
dorsiflexion
where is the origin and insertion of biceps
origin: scapula (shoulder)
insertion: radius (elbow)
where is the origin and insertion of triceps
origin: scapula (shoulder)
insertion: ulna (elbow)
where is the origin and insertion of hamstring
origin: femur (hip)
insertion: tibia (knee)
where is the origin and insertion of quadriceps
origin: femur (hip)
insertion: tibia (knee)
where is the origin and insertion of tibialis anterior
origin: tibia (knee)
insertion: tarsals (ankle)
where is the origin and insertion of gastrocnemius
origin: femur (knee)
insertion: as the achilles tendon to the heel (ankle)
agonist
the muscle that contracts to create movement
antagonist
the muscle that relaxes during movemnt
what type of activity are slow twitch muscle fibres suited for and why?
long distance and endurance activities. because they contract slowly over prolonged period of time. generate low level of force and have high resistance to fatigue
what type of activity are fast twitch muscle fibres suited for and why?
sprint and power/strength activities, as they contract quickly over short periods of time. generate high level of force, fatigue quickly
which muscle fibres are for anaerobic and aerobic respiration?
fast twitch, slow twitch
