ethics and other issues Flashcards
what do beta blockers do
reduce anxiety by preventing adrenaline
what are the risks of beta blockers
- low BP
- heart failure
- depression
what are the sports associated with beta blockers
archery, diving, shooting, snooker
what are the effects of anabolic steroids
- increase muscle mass fast
- increase power and strength
- let athlete train harder for longer
- speed recovery time
what are the risks of anabolic steroids
- aggressive behaviour
- heart disease
- high BP
- liver problems
- effect on hormones
what are the sports associated with anabolic steroids
athletics, baseball, cycling, football, rugby
what are the effects of stimulants
- reduce pain
- increase alertness
what are the risks of stimulants
- addictive
- high BP
- strokes
- increased risk of injury as pain is suppressed
what are the sports associated with stimulants
american football, athletics, swimming
what are the effects of diuretics
- increases water passed out of body
- reduce weight quickly
- mask use of PEDs
what are the risks of diuretics
- dehydration
- weakening of muscles
- kidney problems
- nausea
what are the sports associated with diuretics
boxing, gymnastics, jockey, horse racing
why do athletes use PEDs
- enhance performance
- keep up with competition
- fame and increased wealth
- pressure from coaches
- sponsorships and contracts
- level playing field with other doping athletes
what are the consequences of being caught using PEDs
- ban/suspension
- negatively affect credibility of sport
- loss of reputation
what are the types of testing for PEDs
urine tests, blood tests
what is blood doping
the misuse of techniques and/or substances to increase a performers RBC count
what are the methods of blood doping
erythropoietin (EPO), blood transfusion
how does EPO work
stimulate production of RBC
can EPO be detected by blood testing
yes
how are blood transfusions carried out
- blood taken 3-4 weeks before comp
- blood frozen to maintain high haemoglobin
- body naturally replenishes blood
- 1-2 days before comp, blood reintroduced
what are the performance benefits of blood doping
- increased RBC and haemoglobin levels = more o2 transported to muscles
- higher aerobic capacity, more energy produced, quicker recovery as more o2 to break down lactic
what are the side effects of blood doping
- thicker, more viscous blood =
- heart failure
- stroke
- pulmonary embolism
what is real risk
amount of danger that actually exists in activity
what is perceived risk
individual’s subjective/personal judgement about dangers of activity
what are the causes of risk
- limited skill/fitness level
- weather
- behaviour of yourself and others
- inadequate facilities/equipment/preparation
how to calculate risk
risk /25 = severity /5 * likelihood /5
how to prevent risk
- protective clothing/equipment
- appropriate clothing/footwear
- lifting and carrying equipment safely
- use of warm up and cool down
- maintaining hydration
- following rules
- suitable level of competition
what are examples of minor injuries
cuts, grazes, winding, bruises, blisters
what is the cause of blisters
repeated rubbing of skin, burning
how to treat blisters
unbroken: dont pierce. broken: dont peel off dead skin, allow fluid to drain
wash with mild soap, cover with sterile dressing
what is the cause of bruises
impact with a hard object causing capillaries to break/burst
how to treat bruises
cold compressions reduce swelling & internal bleeding
what is the cause of winding
a blow to the abdomen by a ball or hitting action, making the diaphragm go into spasm
how to treat winding
- loosen clothing
- sit in crouched position to allow muscles to relax
- stay calm, take deep breaths
what is cause of grazes
skin rubbed off due to scraping against rough surface
what is cause of cuts
contact with sharp object
how to treat cuts and grazes
- apply pressure with clean bandage to stop bleeding
- disinfect wound
- cover with dressing
what are soft tissue injuries
injuries that affect soft parts of body, including tendons, ligaments, muscle
what is cause of muscle injury
- muscle overstretched or torn
- from overuse, sudden explosive mvmts (eg sprinting, jumping)
what is treatment for muscular injury
RICE, limit training to prevent further damage
what is cause of tendon injury
strain: tendon overstretched or torn (sudden sharp movements)
tendonitis: tendon inflamed (repeated overuse)
what is treatment for tendon injury
RICE, reduce training to prevent further damage
what is cause of ligament injury
- ligament overstretched or torn
- twisted/pulled past normal ROM (quick change of direction)
how to treat ligament injury
RICE, more serious could require operation
what is the RICE method
rest, ice, compress, elevate
explain rest in RICE
- stop activity immediately (prevent further damage)
- rest and protect injured area
explain ice in RICE
apply ice pack (reduce pain & swelling)
- 15-20mins every 2-3h
- wrap ice in towel to avoid directly touching skin
explain compress in RICE
- apply pressure by wrapping area in elastic bandage
- help reduce swelling
explain elevation in RICE
- injury raised above level of heart
- reduce pain & swelling
disadvantages of PEDs
- health implications
- financial penalty
- public humiliation
- disqualification/ban
- effect on other competitors
what is sportsmanship
upholding spirit of game by being honest, playing by rules, showing respect for opponents
examples of sportsmanship
- shaking hands
- applauding good shot
- helping injured opponent
what is gamesmanship
seeking to gain advantage in any way you can that is not against rules
examples of gamesmanship
- pressuring officials into making decisions
- time wasting
- mind games to distract opponents
name for muscle injury
strain
