Skeletal Anatomy Flashcards
The function of the skeleton
provides the framework that supports our body and allows us to move.
also protects vital organs, stores minerals, forms red blood cells, and stores energy
Describe the axial skeleton.
provides support and protects vital organs
80 bones - including the skull, ribs, spine and sternum
Describe the appendicular skeleton.
126 bones in the shoulder, pelvis, and limbs
What are fibrous joints?
connect bones with fibrous connective tissue
allow minimal movement
ex. skull and pelvis
What are pivot joints?
a type of synovial joint
made up of one bone that can swivel in a ring made by a second bone
ex. forearm, 1st and 2nd vertebrae of neck
What are ball and socket joints?
type of synovial joint
the rounded head of one bone fits into the concave articulation of another
the greatest range of motion
hips and shoulders are only ball and socket joints
What are cartilaginous joints?
separated by cartilage
allows little to no movement
ex ribs, sternum, and between vertebrae
What are hinge joints?
type of synovial joint
the convex end of one bone articulates with the concave of another
bending and straightening
ex. elbow, knee, and ankle
What are condyloid joints?
type of synovial joint
shallow depression in one bone articulates with rounded structure from one or more adjacent bones
allows bending and straightening and side to side movement
ex. knuckle and wrist
What are saddle joints?
a type of synovial joint
articulating surfaces of both bones have a saddle shape - one convex, one concave
2 planes of movement
ex. base of thumb
What are gliding joints?
a type of synovial joint
articulating surfaces of both bones are flat or slightly curved and about the same size
limited movement but can be multiaxial
ex. intercarpal and intertarsal joints - clavicle and scapula
What are synovial joints?
freely moveable and have cartilage on surfaces where bones join to reduce friction and absorb shock
What is flexion?
The bending of a joint/shortening of a muscle
What is extension?
Straightening of a joint / lengthening a muscle
Hyperflexion or Hyperextension is what?
beyond the normal range of motion
Abduction is what movement?
movement away from the midline of the body
Adduction is what movement?
movement towards the midline of the body
What is circumduction and what joints are capable of it?
circular movement - in all 3 planes
the shoulder and the hip
What movement is elevation?
raising shoulders
What movement is depression?
lowering shoulders below anatomical position
What is medial rotation?
towards the midline of the body
What is lateral rotation?
away from the midline of the body
what is supination?
movement away from the midline of the body
ex. palms up
what is pronation?
movement towards the midline of the body
ex. palms down
what is inversion?
turning the inner side of the foot away from the ground toward the midline of the body
what is eversion?
turning the outer side of the foot away from the ground away from the midline of the body
What is dorsiflexion?
flexing foot up - toes point to head
what is plantarflexion?
flexing foot down - toes point to ground
What are the 4 classifications of bones?
long, short, flat, irregular
What is the purpose of long bones?
serve as levers of movement
ex. femur and humerus
What is the purpose of short bones?
give strength to joints
ex tarsals and carpals (ankle and wrist)
What is the purpose of flat bones?
provide a broad surface for muscle attachment and protect vital organs
ex. ribs and scapulae
What is the purpose of irregular bones?
protect organs and support the body
ex. ischium, pubis and vertebrae
Describe the frontal plane.
divides anterior (front) and posterior (back)
- dominant plane for abduction and adduction
Describe the sagittal plane.
divides the left and right sides of the body
- flexion and extension
Describe the transverse plane.
AKA horizontal plane
divides superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts of the body
- involves twisting or rotation
Shoulder girdle (scapula, clavicle) movements.
elevation - depression
abduction - adduction
upward rotation - downward rotation
Shoulder joint movements
flexion - extension
abduction - adduction
medial rotation - lateral rotation
horizontal abduction - horizontal adduction
circumduction
Elbow joint movements
flexion - extension
Radioulnar joint movements
pronation - supination
Wrist joint movements
flexion - extension
Vertebral column / Spine movements
flexion - extension
lateral flexion
rotation
lumbosacral joint movements
flexion - extension
(anterior pelvic tilt - posterior pelvic tilt)
Hip Joint movements
flexion - extension
abduction - adduction
medial - lateral rotation
circumduction
Knee Joint movements
flexion - extension
rotation (only at 90* flexion)
Ankle joint movements
plantar flexion - dorsiflexion
eversion - inversion
The human body contains how many bones and in mostly what skeleton?
206 bones - most in appendicular
The 3 categories of joints are?
fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
Another name for the skull
Cranium
2 Bones around the shoulder
clavicle and scapula
What is the bone in the upper arm?
humerus
What are the 2 bones in the forearm called?
Radius and Ulna
Major bones of the core.
sternum, ribs, and vertebral column.
Upper leg bone
Femur
Lower leg bones
tibia, fibula
foot bones
metatarsals
