sino japanese war Flashcards
when was the first allied strategy against the japanese
1942 - known as the CBI (China, Burma, India) Theater of War
who was CKS’s military advisor in 42
Joseph Stilwell
when was Stilwell appointed charge over both Chinese and American forces
July 1942
when does marshall join the Chinese forces
1945 to help the unification of china.
what does Marshall do
-cease-fire agreement in 1946 between the KMT and CCP
however both parties attempted to take control of manchuria in 1946 and there was a full-scale war between
1947 he aborted his mission
when does marshall leave
1947
when does china become one of the big three
feb 1945 Roosevelt offered for the chinese to become one of the major superpowers in the world = USSR, UK, USA
potsdam conference
july 1945 - roosevelt had died and truman succeeded him
between stalin, churchill and truman.
one day before, the US had confirmed the success of the atomic bomb and thus gave the Potsdam Declaration which was an ultimatum to Japan to surrender
=japanese didnt take it seriously and soforth came hiroshima, nagasaki.
august - the surrender was made official and the war ended
when did the sino-japanese war end
14th august 1945
why was the presence of japan particularly devastating for chinese infrastructure
-they had obviously destroyed roads, bridges amidst the fighting
-however, in their retreat, they blew up bridges etc to prevent the chinese from following them on their retreat.
mao’s strategy and division of efforts (basic point ot counter CKS’s mismanagement)
broke down into 3 parts:
1. 70% towards communist recruitment
2. 20% towards keeping the nationalists from expanding
3.10% towards fighting foreign invaders
how much did CKS spend on the war and what were the impacts
had spent over 1 million dollars by 1945
=dramatic increase in inflation
how many soldiers were used in the war and its impact
14 million = th epopultion was physically and emotionally exhausted
how many soldiers died and how many civilians died in the SJ war
1.3 million soldiers died
10 million civilians died
how was Mao a suckup to the USA
in NOV 1944 he wrote a letter to Roosevelt saying it was ‘always his desire to reach an agreement with CKS’
and that through Hurley he had seen ‘sudden hope and realisation’
= could have been to show his appreciation for American efforts but it is more likely that Mao was using this to gain the respect of the Americans as well as the Chinese population.
rape of nanjing stat on women abuse
between 1932-45, approximately 200,000 women were forced into sexual slavery by the japanese imperial forces.
american aid in the SJ war
500 million dollars
100 air force pilots to assist the Chinese military
chiang’s failures in the SJ war - summary just read this
1937 he allowed foreign invaders who during the course of 8 years took over 10 million civilian lives.
he failed to meet the needs and necessities of the people and there was tremendous economic devastation in China - reform policies were not implemented quickly enough
he was uncooperative with the americans such as hurley, marshall and stilwell (peanut)
quote from CKS about the communists and japanese
the japanese are a disease of the skin whereas the communists are a disease of the heart.
rape of nanjing
dec 13th Nanjing fell
300,000 estimated dead
the dead were piled in pits, buried alive
mutilated bodies were burnt
women were raped and disfigured
evidence CCP is nice to soldiers
most of the Red army were peasants and therefore illiterate -> they were immediately taught
how many communist troops 1938-45
1938: 46,000 troops
1945: 1 million and the 8th army
Pingxingguan
military victory where the communists looted japanese trucks
=gained japanese weapons that were even banned under the geneva convention such as poison gas
flood of the Yellow river
june 1938 - military tactic to slow the advance of the Japanese as it would impede the army’s mobility and disrupt supply lines
CKS decided to breach the dykes of the yellow river with no warning to civilians
400,000+ deaths
however, this only slowed the japanese 3 months
quote Mao proof that he had no intention of cooperating with the americans and CKS
‘Appeasement is like lifting a stone only to drop it on one’s toes’ = implies that Mao believed accommodating American suggestions, CKS’s beliefs and Japanese aggression would only embolden the aggressors and further harm China. resistance and resilience were the way forward not compromise or appeasement
== emphasises the futility and harm inherent in appeasement in the face of aggression from the japanese and nationalists
soviet support
soviet volunteer pilots were provided BUT the USSR withdrew support when signing the non-agression pact with Japan in 1941.
when did Guangzhou and Wuhan fall
1939
why did the USSR not initially back the CCP
they thought the possibility of a communist revolution was not possible short term but wanted to allow china to industrialise under the GMD and bourgeoisie which would prompt revolution
outbreak of the SJ war
Marco Polo bridge incident in the Japanese concession in Beijing. a japanese soldier goes missing and there is a skirmish with chinese youths
=the japanese sends more troops. CKS tries to diplomatically solve this but the Japanese did not listen and thus the ‘limits of endurance had been reached’
fight for shanghai
aug 1937 - the chinese bombed shanghai instead of japanese boats on the coast accidentally => the japanese deploy 70,000 mre troops into Shanghai and take it
Taierzhuang victory
1938 - Li Zongren (GMD) surrounds the Japanese in an old walled city. = successful
=> however this demonstrates his power, and makes CKS paranoid and creates mistrust as he doesnt know if Zongren will be loyal and thus decides to keep Zongren moving around the country so he cannot establish firm connections and ‘rebel’ - wasting his talentsr
why was hurley sent to china
to mediate between stilwell and CKS
chonqqing negotiations
1945 post war
hurley tries to set up peace between the parties
the double tenth agreement aims to set up a coalition to prevent civil war but hostilities continue
proof CKS didnt trust his generals x3
- put the Young Marshall under house arrest for 50 years after the Xian incident instead of utilising his contacts and expertise in 1936
- commanded the japanese counter offensive in burma from 2000 miles away in 1942
- after Li Zongren surrounded the Japanese successfully in 1938 at Taierzhuang CKS moved him around the country so that he could never form bonds with soldiers that coudl result in a ‘rebellion’
