sino japanese war

Question 1

when was the first allied strategy against the japanese

Answer 1

1942 - known as the CBI (China, Burma, India) Theater of War

Question 2

who was CKS’s military advisor in 42

Answer 2

Joseph Stilwell

Question 3

when was Stilwell appointed charge over both Chinese and American forces

Answer 3

July 1942

Question 4

when does marshall join the Chinese forces

Answer 4

1945 to help the unification of china.

Question 5

what does Marshall do

Answer 5

-cease-fire agreement in 1946 between the KMT and CCP
however both parties attempted to take control of manchuria in 1946 and there was a full-scale war between
1947 he aborted his mission

Question 6

when does marshall leave

Answer 6

1947

Question 7

when does china become one of the big three

Answer 7

feb 1945 Roosevelt offered for the chinese to become one of the major superpowers in the world = USSR, UK, USA

Question 8

potsdam conference

Answer 8

july 1945 - roosevelt had died and truman succeeded him
between stalin, churchill and truman.
one day before, the US had confirmed the success of the atomic bomb and thus gave the Potsdam Declaration which was an ultimatum to Japan to surrender
=japanese didnt take it seriously and soforth came hiroshima, nagasaki.
august - the surrender was made official and the war ended

Question 9

when did the sino-japanese war end

Answer 9

14th august 1945

Question 10

why was the presence of japan particularly devastating for chinese infrastructure

Answer 10

-they had obviously destroyed roads, bridges amidst the fighting
-however, in their retreat, they blew up bridges etc to prevent the chinese from following them on their retreat.

Question 11

mao’s strategy and division of efforts (basic point ot counter CKS’s mismanagement)

Answer 11

broke down into 3 parts:
1. 70% towards communist recruitment
2. 20% towards keeping the nationalists from expanding
3.10% towards fighting foreign invaders

Question 12

how much did CKS spend on the war and what were the impacts

Answer 12

had spent over 1 million dollars by 1945
=dramatic increase in inflation

Question 13

how many soldiers were used in the war and its impact

Answer 13

14 million = th epopultion was physically and emotionally exhausted

Question 14

how many soldiers died and how many civilians died in the SJ war

Answer 14

1.3 million soldiers died
10 million civilians died

Question 15

how was Mao a suckup to the USA

Answer 15

in NOV 1944 he wrote a letter to Roosevelt saying it was ‘always his desire to reach an agreement with CKS’
and that through Hurley he had seen ‘sudden hope and realisation’
= could have been to show his appreciation for American efforts but it is more likely that Mao was using this to gain the respect of the Americans as well as the Chinese population.

Question 16

rape of nanjing stat on women abuse

Answer 16

between 1932-45, approximately 200,000 women were forced into sexual slavery by the japanese imperial forces.

Question 17

american aid in the SJ war

Answer 17

500 million dollars
100 air force pilots to assist the Chinese military

Question 18

chiang’s failures in the SJ war - summary just read this

Answer 18

1937 he allowed foreign invaders who during the course of 8 years took over 10 million civilian lives.
he failed to meet the needs and necessities of the people and there was tremendous economic devastation in China - reform policies were not implemented quickly enough
he was uncooperative with the americans such as hurley, marshall and stilwell (peanut)

Question 19

quote from CKS about the communists and japanese

Answer 19

the japanese are a disease of the skin whereas the communists are a disease of the heart.

Question 20

rape of nanjing

Answer 20

dec 13th Nanjing fell
300,000 estimated dead
the dead were piled in pits, buried alive
mutilated bodies were burnt
women were raped and disfigured

Question 21

evidence CCP is nice to soldiers

Answer 21

most of the Red army were peasants and therefore illiterate -> they were immediately taught

Question 22

how many communist troops 1938-45

Answer 22

1938: 46,000 troops
1945: 1 million and the 8th army

Question 23

Pingxingguan

Answer 23

military victory where the communists looted japanese trucks
=gained japanese weapons that were even banned under the geneva convention such as poison gas

Question 24

flood of the Yellow river

Answer 24

june 1938 - military tactic to slow the advance of the Japanese as it would impede the army’s mobility and disrupt supply lines
CKS decided to breach the dykes of the yellow river with no warning to civilians
400,000+ deaths
however, this only slowed the japanese 3 months

Question 25

quote Mao proof that he had no intention of cooperating with the americans and CKS

Answer 25

‘Appeasement is like lifting a stone only to drop it on one’s toes’ = implies that Mao believed accommodating American suggestions, CKS’s beliefs and Japanese aggression would only embolden the aggressors and further harm China. resistance and resilience were the way forward not compromise or appeasement

== emphasises the futility and harm inherent in appeasement in the face of aggression from the japanese and nationalists

Question 26

soviet support

Answer 26

soviet volunteer pilots were provided BUT the USSR withdrew support when signing the non-agression pact with Japan in 1941.

Question 27

when did Guangzhou and Wuhan fall

Answer 27

1939

Question 28

why did the USSR not initially back the CCP

Answer 28

they thought the possibility of a communist revolution was not possible short term but wanted to allow china to industrialise under the GMD and bourgeoisie which would prompt revolution

Question 29

outbreak of the SJ war

Answer 29

Marco Polo bridge incident in the Japanese concession in Beijing. a japanese soldier goes missing and there is a skirmish with chinese youths
=the japanese sends more troops. CKS tries to diplomatically solve this but the Japanese did not listen and thus the ‘limits of endurance had been reached’

Question 30

fight for shanghai

Answer 30

aug 1937 - the chinese bombed shanghai instead of japanese boats on the coast accidentally => the japanese deploy 70,000 mre troops into Shanghai and take it

Question 31

Taierzhuang victory

Answer 31

1938 - Li Zongren (GMD) surrounds the Japanese in an old walled city. = successful
=> however this demonstrates his power, and makes CKS paranoid and creates mistrust as he doesnt know if Zongren will be loyal and thus decides to keep Zongren moving around the country so he cannot establish firm connections and ‘rebel’ - wasting his talentsr

Question 32

why was hurley sent to china

Answer 32

to mediate between stilwell and CKS

Question 33

chonqqing negotiations

Answer 33

1945 post war
hurley tries to set up peace between the parties
the double tenth agreement aims to set up a coalition to prevent civil war but hostilities continue

Question 34

proof CKS didnt trust his generals x3

Answer 34

1. put the Young Marshall under house arrest for 50 years after the Xian incident instead of utilising his contacts and expertise in 1936
2. commanded the japanese counter offensive in burma from 2000 miles away in 1942
3. after Li Zongren surrounded the Japanese successfully in 1938 at Taierzhuang CKS moved him around the country so that he could never form bonds with soldiers that coudl result in a ‘rebellion’