civil war

Question 1

desertation of GMD soldiers stat

Answer 1

up to 70% annually

Question 2

1947

Answer 2

the communists moved into manchuria.
whilst CKS shouldve moved his army to centralised areas to secure power, he concentrated 500,000 of his 3 million soldiers for this battle alone. he lost 470,000 soldiers
communication and supply lines were too thin and vulnerable to guerilla attacks

Question 3

1948 - the battle of huai-huai

Answer 3

nov 1948
Mao’s attempt to destroy the KMT troops that wew north of the Yangtze River. if he defeated these forces, it would leave a clear path to the KMT’s power bases in Nanking and Shanghai

Question 4

1949 -

Answer 4

Mao broke through the Yangtze river within 5 days.
500,000 troops were captured and killed.
the weather was perfectly miserable which left the KMT vulnerable to guerilla attacks
CKS suffered so badly he resigned as this was an overt display of CCP military strength
oct - declaration of the CCP

Question 5

when does the civil war start

Answer 5

july 1946

Question 6

when do the communists capture guangzhou

Answer 6

october 1949

Question 7

who succeeds hurley

Answer 7

he leaves and Marshall takes over

Question 8

when does the marshall mission end and fail

Answer 8

jan 1947

Question 9

when do the communsits take manchuria

Answer 9

nov 1948 - they were initially on the defensive but this extra territory allows them to be on the offensive
manchuria is geographically suited for guerilla warfare

Question 10

when do the communists capture beijing

Answer 10

jan 1949 to little resistance - they have worn down the GMD.

Question 11

when do the ocmminsits capture nanjing

Answer 11

april 1949

Question 12

when do the communists capture Guangzhou

Answer 12

october 1949 - such a string of failures prompts CKS to resign and flee to taiwan. and thus the PRC is declared

Question 13

USA aid in the civil war amounted to

Answer 13

$3 billion and quantities of WW2 arms

Question 14

when did USA aid stop

Answer 14

nov 1948

Question 15

infrastuctural implications of war

Answer 15

-1/2 railways had been destroyed
-rivers blocked by sunken ships
-shortage of electrical power
-the USSR had stripped machinery when it had left
-industrial production in 1949 was 44% of the 1939 level, and food production was 30% below
-The war destroyed 55 percent of industry and mining, 72 percent of shipping, and 96 percent of railway lines.
-Inflation in GMD territory rose to an annual average of 230 percent.

Question 16

battle of Xuzhou

Answer 16

jan 1949 - Mao made the decision to switch to a traditional counter-offensive instead of a guerrilla attack as he felt this was appropriate
was able to capture the railway which was a key point of GMD communications and supplies

Question 17

Battle of Siping

Answer 17

march 1946 - near manchuria
Lin Biao led, he was trained effectively at Whampoa academy
-he skilfully adapted guerilla warfare to counter nationalist forces who significantly outnumbered them
3000/3000 nationalist troops

Question 18

zunyi conference

Answer 18

1935 - mao announced the end of left close doorism which opened up the party to more recruits and support.

Question 19

flexibility of the CCP

Answer 19

-48-9 used old wartime equipment such as japanese tanks, USSR mortars and Nationalist machine guns
-Mao abandoned Ya’nan in 1947 to avoid unecessary battle
-Lin Biao at the Battle of Siping in 46 successfuly adopted guerrilla warfare
-35 Zunyi conference ended left closed doorism = appeal to a broader range

Question 20

GMD inflexibility

Answer 20

-against guerrilla attacks, stayed with traditional counter-defensives which was shown in Siping and 1947 Manchuria when CKS left the lines too thin
-he airlifted 500,000 troops and supplies to Manchurian cities despite American advice which used a large portion of his budget
-chose to keep the Young Marshall under house arrest for 50 years after the Xi’an incident instead of utilising his skills and contacts and military capabilities

Question 21

GMD wasting time and resources

Answer 21

GMD took Ya’nan in 1947 despite the CCP already having left for manchuria, it was retaken in 1948.
-airlifted 500,000 troops and supplies to manchuria after the japanese left as a sign of pride or victory which took up a significant proportion of the military budget when soldiers and citizens were starving and dying

Question 22

delegation of ccp v gmd

Answer 22

ccp: mao delegated to Zhu De, and Lin Biao at Siping
gmd: CKS held 28 positions within the party.

Question 23

discipline + committment = unity + indoctrination

Answer 23

ccp: 6 main points of attention to ensure discipline, morality. indoctrination of 21 articles and Mao’s manifesto. rectification campaign in 41 also weeded out less committed members.

contrasted witht he corruption, violence and tyranny of the GMD who raped and pillaged the population AND had ass. chief of staff and head of war planning board as CCP agents

Question 24

evidence that the civil war alienated the population under the GMD and widened the urban/rural divide

Answer 24

-after the shanghai bombings in 1932 after 180,000 died, CKS instructed his soldiers to fight to the death - however he refused to put an counter-offensive in rural areas in 1938, instead opting to flood the yellow river and kill 400,000 and offering no recovery or emergency aid = alienating the rural population which caused them to flee to the CCP

Question 25

how many troops did the GMD have in the civil war

Answer 25

2.7 million

Question 26

how many troops and equipment did the CCP have in the civil war

Answer 26

900,000, no airforce and 600 artillery pieces

Question 27

strengths of the gmd in civil war

Answer 27

-internationally legitimate rulers of china
-$3 bil in aid from the usa
-2.7 mil soldiers and 39 divisions newly trained by USA

Question 28

weaknesses od the GMD in civil war

Answer 28

-inflation
-corruption, generals kept dead soldiers on wages
-discontent among the population and peasants
-GMD soldiers malnourished and less committed
-troops raped and pillaged chinese population and were unruly = less public support and effectiveness
-over-dependence on foreign aid, so when the USA pulled out in 1948, they were helpless
-assistent chief of staff and head of GMD war planning board were CCP agents

Question 29

military strength of CCP

Answer 29

although was 900,000 ->2.7 million gmd soliders
-Dixie Mission in june 44 reinforced
-Xuzhou was done in 65 days in 1949. conventional counter offensive