conso of power and abit of GLF

Question 1

mass line

Answer 1

Mao Zedong thought, had been enshrined in the constitution as an official doctrine

mao was able to control the ideological debate, occasionally purging, those who seem to deviate, and therefore control the party and government

Question 2

separation of powers

Answer 2

my placed figures, such as Lin Biao and Go Gang across all regions of China, this meant he could endure control over the whole of the Chinese population and establish authority

Question 3

cadres

Answer 3

more select groups called cadre, permeated, legal systems, schools, and the PLA, the CCP was unable to ensure both governmental systems and forces were in accordance with the ccp

The Danwei controlled the allocation of housing grain, cooking, oil, cloth, and permits to travel marry or change jobs

Question 4

democratic centralism

Answer 4

In theory, party members are free to express opinion and participate in debate on policies, but once final decisions had been made by politburo, everyone had to accept

Question 5

why did Mao’s unelected illegitimate government go on challenged X4

Answer 5

-It brought peace and unity to China
-It brought national pride on an international scale
-Elimination of enemies through campaigns
claim to represent the will of the people

Question 6

political rights

Answer 6

only the people who had political rights could participate in the PRC

People such as reactionary elements, feudal elements, Lacys of imperialism, bureaucratic, capitalists, and enemies of the people are essentially NON people who were to be repressed, punished or reformed

Question 7

timeline of reform campaigns

Answer 7

1949 – October – establishment of PRC
1950 – June agrarian reform law
- Start of Chinese involvement in Korean War and the resist America campaign
1951. Launch of suppression of counterrevolutionaries campaign.
Sept, 1951 thought reform campaign
Nov 1951 – launcher three antis
Jan, 1952 – launch of five antis

Question 8

Suppression of counterrevolutionary campaign

Answer 8

1951
authorities claim to have evidence against 40,000 people
Guangdong, there was 52,620 bandits and 89,701criminals caught
28,332 people publicly executed in less than a year

Question 9

3 antis

Answer 9

targeted waste, corruption, and bureaucratism
starting in Manchuria
Party investigation of corrupt in the CCP.
Humiliation of the guilty, and was a sharp reminder to party members of the danger of independent thought

Question 10

5 antis

Answer 10

bribery, tax evasion, theft of state assets, cheating on government contracts, and theft of capital.
Group, criticism sessions for employees to confess or expose others
3000 mass meetings in February 1952 in Shanghai
For the guilty – enormous, fines, confiscation property and labour camps
MANY SUICIDES

Question 11

thought reform campaign

Answer 11

Educated people needed to drive. The monetisation of China and Mau is suspicious of independent thought when educated abroad.

Forced intellectual to study Mao thought

Question 12

pla’s role in 1950

Answer 12

1950– 5mil men, and 41% of state budget
Partial deconstruction of the PLA, but still received 800,000 conscripts annually, so they could be indoctrinated
rebuilt infrastructure after half railways were destroyed in the civil war

Question 13

Terror and propaganda

Answer 13

Labour camps (laogai)
Mao set quotes for numbers to be killed, approx one for every thousand
prostitution stamped out by 1953 from reeducation centres
In Shanghai, mass meetings, parades and door-to-door and radio meetings were organised in the five antis

Question 14

terror and propaganda

Answer 14

labour camps (laogai)
Mao quotes for numbers to be killed – approx one for every thousand
Prostitution stamped out by, 1953 – sent to reeducation centres
In Shanghai in the 5 antis, the party set up mass meetings, parade, door-to-door visits and radio propaganda
27 MILLION DYING IN LAOGAI
2–3 MIL DIED BY SUICIDE TO EVADE HASH PUNISHMENT

those who spoke out with judged as a threat, and was subjected to inhumane conditions. Evoke fear in the population, and compelled them, not to scrutinise.

Question 15

Land reform

Answer 15

landlords on stage for humiliation and beating – this involves peasants, justice

Suddenly concentrated, cadre sent to collect tax in grain

43% land redistributed to 60% of rural population
1.5-2 mil people killed in 47- 52

Question 16

CCP resistance, particularly in land reform

Answer 16

that was southern rebellions, in Guangdong, landlords resisted, redistribution, and the CCP forcibly suppressed.
in xingjiang, Muslim groups resisted CCP rule

Question 17

how did the CCP on consolidate power?
Seminar question

Answer 17

1. maoist unquestioned and indoctrinated into PLA, 800,000 conscripts
2. The Danwei - state oversees everything.
3. Local elected officials, strong centralised government
4. Military strength – five mil in 1950.
5. Rectified and united party (out of fear or efficiency?)
6. Terror and propaganda.
7. The people were genuinely happy with the reform. they introduced the stable yuan currency to combat, hyperinflation, gunning the support from business owners

Question 18

People were happy with the CCP -

Answer 18

-propaganda formed a strong CCP presence as the party held many parades. Commemorating history parade was so caught to the CCP that in 1949, the party plan to expand Square to accommodate one mill and stretching 44 hectares

This enhance the parties image and legitimised that was also cultivating loyalty

they introduced the yuan as currency to combat, hyperinflation – garnering support from business owners

The PLA was employed to rebuild. China’s devastated infrastructure after half railways had been destroyed by GMD in Japanese retreat.

crime rate dropped 5% in three years

Common traumatise people, so economic, social and structural recovery, with a return to stability that has been missing

Question 19

resist america aid korea campaign

Answer 19

in 1951 - the budget was initially drawn up to be $2.2 bil

Question 20

soviet loan

Answer 20

$300,000,000 loan granted in 1950

Question 21

when were cooperatives introduced

Answer 21

1953 as land reform slowed, land was owned and worked by a group of farmers who all reaped the benefits

Question 22

when were communies instituted in china

Answer 22

1958

Question 23

what did mao want to liberate china from quote

Answer 23

‘foreign devils’ and ‘feudal landlords’

Question 24

how many died in the civil war +civilians

Answer 24

11,000,000 altogether, 5 million civilians died
=>millions had been displaced from their homes in the war which left the country in disarray

Question 25

central committee of ‘44

Answer 25

set up in 49, headed by the politburo - a 5 man standing committee.
mao, lui shaoqi, zhou enlai, zhu de, chen yunp

Question 26

presence of the CCP in the community

Answer 26

-Deng Xiaoping, Guo Gang, Lin Biao figures planted across the country to secure Mao’s will
-Danwei controls all aspects of life eg marrying, travel, university. cadres permeated schools and institutions
-mass organisations eg the Communist Youth League or the All-women Federation which aimed to discuss policy and for the CCP to monitor discussion
-struggle meetings were regularly held to denounce immoral or anti-CCP behaviours previously exhibited (there were 3000 in 1952 in Shanghai alone

Question 27

where were there landlord rebellions and general rebellion

Answer 27

in the south such as Guangdong.
also in Xinjiang muslim groups resisted CCP rule and enforced secularism

Question 28

Why did Mao increase his efforts to eradicate opposition at the end of 1950?

Answer 28

After the outbreak of the Korean War in 1950, China experienced growing national unity, but also a fear that
the revolution was under threat internally and externally. Mao used this as an excuse to justify extreme
measures of dealing with ‘counter-revolutionary elements’ within China.

Question 29

When was the Resist America and Aid Korea campaign?

Answer 29

1950 -1

Question 30

When was the Suppression of Counter-revolutionaries campaign?

Answer 30

50-1

Question 31

When was the Three-Antis campaign?

Answer 31

51-2

Question 32

What was the Thought Reform campaign

Answer 32

1) Mao was suspicious of intellectuals educated abroad or in western Chinese schools due to fears of
independent thought. Thought Reform forced intellectuals to study and adopt Mao Zedong Thought.
2) Professors were forced to make confessions in front of their students, attend study sessions and make self criticisms.

Question 33

What was the propaganda slogan regarding the PLA in the early PRC years?

Answer 33

‘Learn from the PLA’.

Question 34

laogai stats

Answer 34

by late 60s, there were 1000

27 million died

Question 35

mao killed quota

Answer 35

Mao set quotas for people to be killed - with the target being around 1 in 1000 - with local

Question 36

3 consequences of land reform

Answer 36

1) 43% of land was redistributed to 60% of the rural population.
2) Between 1.5 and 2 million were killed due to land reform 1947-1952.
3) A decline in food production, as peasants were not incentivised to increase production or become wealthy.

Question 37

gao gang and rao shushi purged`

Answer 37

Alerted to Gao’s intrigues by Deng Xiaoping, Mao used the December 1953 Politburo meeting to accuse Gao
and Rao of ‘underground activities’ and attempting to build ‘independent kingdoms’.
(after Rao tried to usurp Deng’s position)

Question 38

hu feng

Answer 38

A Chinese literary critic, who followed a Marxist line, but refused to follow the CCP line in regards to
literature. He was regarded as a dangerous free-thinker.

1) In 1955, Hu Feng wrote that the CCP control over culture had stifled creativity and art. He was charged
with being a GMD agent, expelled from the writers union, and imprisoned until 1979.
2) The Party then conducted a campaign to irradicate ‘Hu Feng elements’ from intellectual life.

Question 39

consequences of the anti-hu feng campaign

Answer 39

1) By 1956, intellectuals learned that openly expressing their views was too dangerous.
2) Around 2,000 Hu Feng supporters were criticised by the media.
3) Around 100 Hu Feng supporters were arrested or forced to make self-criticisms.

Question 40

What steps were taken towards collectivisation in 1951?

Answer 40

Mutual-aid teams grouped together up to 10 peasant households to share labour, tools and animals. Only
poorer peasants were allowed to participate.

Question 41

What steps were taken towards collectivisation in 1952-53?

Answer 41

Agricultural Producers’ Cooperatives grouped together 30-50 peasant households to share land and labour.
This enabled peasants to increase yields and share the costs of new machinery. Private ownership of land
within the APCs were retained by peasant families, with profits for the year shared on the basis of ‘land share’ and ‘labour-share’. This meant wealthier peasants profited the most

Question 42

What steps were taken towards collectivisation in 1955?

Answer 42

‘Higher stage’APCs were introduced, grouping between 200-300 households. In the distribution of profits,
‘land-share’ was reduced and ‘labour-share’ was increased.

Question 43

How many peasant households belonged to APCs in July 1955?

Answer 43

17 million households.

Question 44

How many peasant households belonged to APCs in January 1956?

Answer 44

75 million households - 63% of the peasant population.

Question 45

What were the 3 main results of collectivisation 1952-57?

Answer 45

1) CCP control in the countryside was strengthened.
2) Between 1953-57, agricultural production only grew 3.8%.
3) By the end of 1956, only 3% of peasant households farmed privately. Mao proclaimed collectivisation had
been achieved 15 years ahead of schedule.

Question 46

How did China aim to achieve industrial development?

Answer 46

By following the Soviet model of Five Year Plans, with China planning to use 3 across 15 years.

Question 47

When did the First Five Year Plan take place?

Answer 47

1953 - 1957.

Question 48

What did the First Five Year Plan aim to achieve?

Answer 48

To increase the production of heavy industry, such as iron, steel, energy, transport, communications,
industrial machinery and chemicals.

Question 49

How was the First Five Year Plan funded?

Answer 49

Through patriotic savings campaigns, where the CCP would encourage saving in State banks. The CCP
limited the supply of consumer goods, to further stimulate saving.

Question 50

How successful was the First Five Year Plan?

Answer 50

The plan set ambitious targets, however by 1956, most of the targets had been exceeded.

Question 51

What metrics exceeded the targets of the First Five Year Plan (7), and by how much (%)?

electrical, machine tools, steel

Answer 51

1) Coal (115% of the target).
2) Steel (129.8% of the target).
3) Cement (114.3% of the target).
4) Electrical power (121.6% of the target).
5) Machine tools (220.1% of the target).
6) Bicycles (211.5% of the target).
7) Trucks (187.5% of the target).

Question 52

What were the 5 drawbacks to the First Five Year Plan?

Answer 52

1) Many of the new workers were illiterate and ill-trained. This meant a lot of new equipment was not
installed or maintained properly.
2) An emphasis on quantity over quality.
3) State planners were ignorant of basic procedures, leading to bureaucratic delays and bottlenecks in the
production, distribution and supply processes.
4) Competition for scarce resources between industries and between State and private enterprises.
5) Part of the cost was paid for by Soviet loans, which had to be repaid in food exports, with high interest.

Question 53

When was the Great Leap Forward launched?

Answer 53

January 1958.

Question 54

What slogan was the Great Leap Forward launched under?

Answer 54

‘More, faster, better, cheaper’.

Question 55

What was the CCP debate on how to increase food production?

Answer 55

Chen Yun wanted to incentivise peasants to produce more, however Mao rejected this as it would risk
widening the income disparity between the rich and poor peasants.

Question 56

What were the 3 factors which caused Mao to reassess his position in 1956/57?

Answer 56

1) Events in the USSR and Eastern European revolts made Mao question both China’s reliance on the the
USSR and the relationship between the CCP and the people.
2) The First Five Year Plan made it clear that the highly centralised Soviet model of economic planning was
not appropriate for China.
3) Food production had not kept up with industrial growth, which would hold back further economic
developments.

Question 57

How was the Great Leap Forward a way of continuing and revitalising the revolution (2)?

Answer 57

1) Mao believed that through mass mobilisation and political will, economic laws could be defied, and what
technical experts stated would take decades, would take a few years.
2) Mao believed the GLF would take the CCP back to its rural routes, fearing that many in the CCP were
losing their way.

Question 58

What were people’s communes

Answer 58

1) The combination of APCs into even larger units, containing, on average, 20,000 people.
2) They took over the functions of local government and becoming military units.
3) Anyone aged 15-50 in a commune was a member of the people’s militia, whilst also serving as the basic
work unit.

Question 59

What was life like in people’s communes (3)?

Answer 59

1) Communes took over the peasants’ private plots of land and work was organised in a military style.
2) Children and old people were cared for in communal kindergartens and ‘happiness homes’.
3) All meals were provided in mess halls, and family ties were dismissed as ‘bourgeois emotional
attachments’.

Question 60

How many communes had been established by 1958?

Answer 60

25,000.

Question 61

What was the Eight Point Agricultural Constitution?

Answer 61

Based on the ideals of Lysenko (a soviet agricultural expert), the eight points presented a scientific approach to improving crop yields.
This involved planting crops closer together and to plough the soil much deeper than normal.

Question 62

How successful was the Eight Point Agricultural Constitution (2)?

Answer 62

1) The deeper ploughing damaged the structure of the soil.
2) The close planting deprived crops of light and nutrients.
Overall, it had a disastrous effect on grain yields.

Question 63

What was the Four Noes campaign, and what was its significance on agriculture?

Answer 63

A campaign to eradicate pests (flies, mosquitoes, rats, and sparrows). People were urged to prevent sparrows
from landing until they died from exhaustion, and to kill 5 flies a day. This was so effective that it upset the
ecological balance and caterpillars thrived and consumed large amounts of crops.

Question 64

how many backyard furnaces by 1958

Answer 64

3) By the end of the 1958, 100,000 people were working on ‘backyard furnaces’.

Question 65

*initial results of the glf

Answer 65

3) By the end of the 1958, 100,000 people were working on ‘backyard furnaces’.
4) Foreign observers commended Chinese enthusiasm for the GLF.
5) According to official figures, China had a surplus of grain, and Mao suggested all to eat 5 meals a day.

Question 66

1959 GLF consequences- (bad

Answer 66

A
1) Food shortages were reported in 5 provinces.
2) The government declared a 270 million tonne harvest, when really it was 170 million tonnes.

Question 67

1960 stats on GLF

Answer 67

Only 143 million tonnes of grain were produced, eventually leading to the Great Chinese Famine, with up to
55 million dying.

Question 68

WHEN where backyard furnaces stopped and why

Answer 68

1959 - The steel produced by ‘backyard furnaces’ was of extremely poor quality, with only 8 million tonnes being
deemed acceptable in 1958. Despite this, targets were raised to 20 million tonnes in 1959, which was not met.

Question 69

What were the 5 main reasons for the failure of the GLF?

Answer 69

1) Weather conditions in 1959 : Droughts in the north and floods in the south reduced the harvest.
2) The anti-Rightist campaign of 1957 had purged many crucial experts and statisticians, and also unnerved
cadres into telling Mao what he wanted, leading to inflated figures, causing Mao to raise targets as he
believed they were being met.
3) The GLF involved a great waste of human and material resources - frequent military training took peasants
away from work, many focused on steel over agricultural production, lots of land was left uncultivated, and
ripened grain was often left to rot.
4) A break of Sino-Soviet relations in 1960 caused a withdrawal of Soviet experts and the halting of loans.
Despite food shortages, millions of tonnes of grain had to be exported to pay for prior loans.
5) Mao overestimated the revolutionary enthusiasm of the peasants, with many reluctant to pool their
resources, hoarding grain and slaughtering their animals, rather than share them.

Question 70

GLF coal figures from rounce

Answer 70

-coal production doubled to 130 mil tonnes in 1957

Question 71

GLF rounce stat about steel

Answer 71

quadroupled to 5.35 tonnes in 57

Question 72

urbanisation more people moving rounce stat

Answer 72

in 1949 about 57 mil lived in cities
in 1957 - 100 mil