SIgns of Respiratory DIsease

Question 0

What is bronchoconstriction a component of?

Answer 0

cough reflex, but slower onset and longer lasting

Question 1

WHat is abnormal respiratory noise termed?

Answer 1

Stridor

Question 2

What does coughing clear material from?

Answer 2

larger airways

Question 3

What is the neural basis of coughing?

Answer 3

• irritant receptors in trcheobronchial tree
• afferent input carried in vagus
• central cough centre in brain stem
• efferent motor: vagus, phrenic, intercostal, lumbar, trigem, facial hyoglossal and acessory nerves

Question 4

Stimuli for ocughing?

Answer 4

• bronchoconstriction
• mucous
• inhaled particles
• cold or hot air
• intramural/extramural pressure
• epithelial sloughing
• ^ epithelial permeability

Question 5

How can character of cough indicate type of problem?

Answer 5

> upper airway: IgA mediated response: harsh, loud, non-productive
lower airway: IgG: soft, muted, productive (swallow after coughing)
- painful conditions more muted as they dont want to cough

Question 6

Where does the sneezing reflex originate?

Answer 6

URT - mucous membranes of nasal cavity

• easily induced by chemical or mechanical stimuli
• can be 2* to more distal sources

Question 7

What reflex is most common in respiratory disease?

Answer 7

bronchoconstriction

Question 8

Where are drug targets for cough reflex?

Answer 8

• anticholinergics
• adrenaline agonists
  > no drugs act on NANC system

Question 9

which species are opioid drugs used more commonly in for coughing?

Answer 9

Smallies, not so much horses

Question 10

What is hyperpnoea?

Answer 10

• ^ rate and depth of breathing

Question 11

Normal respiratory rate of horse, cow, sheep, pigs, goats, foals, calves, puppies, kittens, rabbit kittens?

Answer 11

> horse: 8-15
> cow,sheep, pigs:10-30
> goats: 25-35
> foals and calves: 20-40
> puppies: 10-30
> kittens: 24-42
> rabbit kits: 30-60

Question 12

What are the physiological and pathological cuases of tachy and hyperpnoea?

Answer 12

> physiological
- pain, exertion, heat, anxiety (anything that stimulated SNS) 
> pahtological
- ^ CO2
- low pH
- low O2
- compoensating metabolic acidoisis
- excessive environmental heat 
- damaged or diseased CNS (resp centres)
- pain or resitrcition of breathing structures

Question 13

Signs of dyspnoea?

Answer 13

• laboured b reathing
• abnormala rate/rhythm/character
• nostril flaring
• exaggerated intercoastal/abdominal effort
• abducted elbows
• stridor
• anxious expression
• inactivity
• extended head and neck
• mouth breathing (except horses obligate nasal breathers)

Question 14

2 causes of inspiratory distress?

Answer 14

> extrathoracic non-fixed airway obstruction eg. URT obstruction: laryngeal hemiplegia, soft palate disorders
restrictive diseases (limit lung expansion) eg. pleural effusion, chest wall wont expand despite ^ effort

Question 15

causes of expiratory distress

Answer 15

intrathoracic airway obstruction eg. bronchoconstriction associated with RAO in horses, Farmer’s disease in cattle, tracheal collapse in dogs and horses

Question 16

clinical sign of chronic expiratory distress?

Answer 16

heave line (hypertrophy of abdo muscles)

Question 17

What is inspiraotry and expiratory distress combined due to?

Answer 17

Extra-thoracic fixed obstruction eg. intraluminal mass, foreign body

Question 18

How can nasal discharge be characterised?

Answer 18

• Serous, mucoid, sanginous (haemmorhagic), purulent
• uni/bilateral
• scant/profuse
• continuous/intermittent
• disa hrging ingested food/milk ? GI disease

Question 19

Where does unilateral discharge tend to originate?

Answer 19

• structures rostral to caudal end of nasal septum

- low volume discharges from lower in resp tract can be unilateral

Question 20

Where does bilateral disacharge oriniginate?

Answer 20

caudal structures or bilaterally affected rostral structures

Question 21

What may foul smelling discharge indicate?

Answer 21

• anaerobic infections, necrotising conditions, pathology connected to oral cavity eg. tooth root infection in horses

Question 22

What may presence of food/water indicate? ?

Answer 22

Dysphagia (GIT)

Communication between oral and nasal cavities eg. oronasal fistule, cleft palate

Question 23

Define epistaxis

Answer 23

Presence of frank blood at external nares

Question 24

Define haemoptysis

Answer 24

presence of blood in sputum (coughed up)

Question 25

What can epistaxis or haemoptysis be caused by?

Answer 25

• trauma
• coagulopathy
• vascullitis
• erosive or invasive conditions (fungal or neoplasm)
  excercise associaed (EIPH)

Question 26

Causes of cyanosis? Which systems do these reflect problems in?

Answer 26

• pulmonary: hypoxaemia eg. V/Q mismatch, alveolar hypoventilation, shunting, diffusion important
• cardiac: R_L shunting
• acquired: usually reducing agent eg. acetaminophen (paracetamol), nitrates, red maple leaf -> methaemoglobin

Question 27

Where does stridor usually orginiate?

Answer 27

URT

Question 28

How is repiration linked to stride in horses?

Answer 28

• expire when leading forelimb contacts ground at GALLOP only

Question 29

Potential causes of stridor?

Answer 29

• fixed or dynamic obstruction eg. laryngeal paralysis, brachycephalic breeds, stenotic/paralysed nares, nasal masses, soft palate elongation

Question 30

What level of oxygenation is cyanosis seen at? hat is a normal level of oxygenation?

Answer 30

<50mmHg (normal 100mmHg)

Question 31

When may cyanosis be seen at higher than 50mmHg O2?

Answer 31

• polycythaemia patients (ecessive Hbg -> cyanosis at higher PaO2 concentrations)
• peripheral cyanosis due to poor peripheral perfusion eg. shock, heart failure