Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Respiratory > Radiography Respiratory > Flashcards

Radiography Respiratory Flashcards

0
Q

Causes of mediastinal shift? Or apparent mediastinal shift?

A
  • unilaterla pleural effusion/pnumothorax
    -diaphragmatic hernia
  • collapsed lung lobes
  • chronic pleural disease with adhesions
  • sternalvertebral abnormalities
    > NB: oblique projection may give impression of shift
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

What may a rounded lung lobe with pleural effusion indicate?

A

More proteinaceous effusion (not for definite)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What structure lie in the mediastinum? * those that can be seen on rads?

A
  • trachea*
  • oesophegous
  • heart*
  • caudal VC *
  • cranial VC
  • aorta and major branches (brachiocephalic trunk)
  • thoracic duct
  • LNs
  • Nerves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What result of injection in the neck may present with thoracic changes? How would this be seen on rads and what may occour 2* to this?

A
  • pnuemomediastinum
  • ^ visability of BVs, oesophagous and tracheal wall
    > 2* gas lucency in neck fascial planes, thoracic wall and pneumoperitoneum
    > CAN lead to to pneumothorax (But not the other way round)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Width of normal mediastinum?

A

< 2x thoracic vertebra width

* exception: bulldogs, may be fatter normally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Causes of widened mediastinum?

A
  • bulldogs
  • obesity
  • thymic sail in young animals
  • hameorrhage
  • mediastinal/ascess
  • oedema
  • chylomediastinum
  • mediastinal masses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

WHat mediastinal masses may be present?

A
  • thymus in young animals
  • neoplasia
  • oesephageal dilation
  • sternal lymphadenopathy
  • abscess/granuloma
  • haematoma
  • cyst
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the most common positions of mediastinal masses? What are the likely causes at each position?

A
  1. cranial to heart under trachea
    - thymoma, lymphoma, haemangiosarcoma, could be abscess/cyst)
  2. tracheobronchial lympho nodes dorsal to trachea and at bifurcation
  3. caudo ventral thorax
    - diaphragmatic hernia
  4. dorsocaudal thorax
    - hiatal hernia or gastraoesophageal hiatal hernia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which side should trachea lie to?

A

right hand side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What may cause diaphragmatic diplacement?

A 
> caudal
- inspiration
- pnuemothorax
- emphysema
> cranial 
- ascite
- hepatomegaly
- abdominal neoplasia 
- obesity 
- gastric distension
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Potential radiographic signs fof diaphragmatic hernia?

A
  • incomplete visualisation of diaphragm
  • enlarged cardiac silhouette (PPDH)
  • caudal mediastinal mass (PMDH)
  • extrapleural mass
  • cranial displacement/malposition of abdominal viscera
  • pleural effusion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the most radiodense structures in the lung?

A

Pulmonary arteries and veins

- branch and taper in the periphery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What further problems shold be suspected if pneumothorax seen?

A
  • trauma eg. rib fx

- urinary bladder visable?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What should be suspected if pleural fluid seen?

A
  • tracheal/lobar dispalcement suggestive of mass?

- cranial displaceent of abdo viscera?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What should be looked for if cardiac enlargement suspected?

A
  • cardiac failure signs eg. ukonary oedema, hepatomegaly, ascites
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What hsould be suspected if ventral lung is consolidated?

A
  • oesophageal dilation
16
Q

What should be suspected if minimal pulmonary lesions are found in a coughing animal?

A

Laryngeal or tracheal lesions

17
Q

What appearances may be seen on rads of URT? 5

A
  1. normal nasal passages (eg. acute rhinitis)
  2. areas of ^ soft tissue opacity on NORMAL conchal pattern (eg. chornic rhinitis, nasal FB)
  3. areas ^ soft tissue opacity superimposed on areas of CONCHAL DESTRUCTION
  4. ares v opacity due to conchal destruction
  5. mixed
18
Q

Which lesions OCCUPY the upper airway?

A
  • FB
  • mucosal nodules due to oslerus osleri
  • neoplasia
19
Q

Which lesions cause NARROWING of the upper airway?

A
  • tracheal hypoplasia
  • collapsing trachea
  • thickened tracheal membrane (severe tracheitis)
  • submucosal haemorrhage (coumarin toxicity)
  • neoplasia
20
Q

Which lesions may cause NARROWING and DISPLACEMENT of the upper airway?

A
  • retropharyngeal lymphadenopathy

- mediastinal mass

21
Q

POtneital pulmonary patterns visable on radiograph? Defining features?

A
  • bronchial (affects bronchi only)
  • vascular (affects vessels only)
  • interstital (patchy and rough looking, CAN STILL SEE VESSELS)
  • alveolar (fluffy and cloud like, NO VESSELS VISABLE)
22
Q

Stages of bronchial pattern visable?

A
  • none
  • normal
  • thickened (donuts and tramlines)
  • bronchiectasis (end stage of all pumonary inflammatory disorders)
23
Q

What may cause bronchial patterns?

A
  • bronchial mineralisation (normal ageing process)
  • allergic bronchitis
  • chronic bronchitis
  • peri bronchial cuffing (oedema, bronchopneumonia)
24
Q

hat causes interstitial patterns?

A
  • pneumonia
  • oedema
  • haemorrhage (any cause)
  • neoplasia
25
Q

What vascular patterns are possible and what causes them?

A
  • enlarged arteries: pulmonary hypertension (R-L shunt PDA, dirofilariasis)
  • enlarged veins: congestion (mitral insufficiency)
  • aa and vv. enlarged: overcirculation (L-R shunt, overhydration)
  • SMALL aa. and vv. : hypovolaemia, tetrology of fallot
26
Q

Causes of alveolar pattern?

A 
Lack of air in the alvioli -> NO visibility of vessels  
> localised
- bronchopneumonia
- oedema
- hmeorrhage
- neoplasia
- lung collapse/atelactasis
- dirofilaria
- pulmonary infarct
> diffuse 
- severe bronchopneumonia
- severe oedema
- hamoerrhage 
* near drowning 
* smoke inhalation
27
Q

Causes of lung hyperlucency?

A 
> diffuse
- overexposure
- weight loss
- hypovolaemia
- overinflation 
- air trapping 
- emphysema 
> focal 
- bulla
- lobar emphysea
- pulmonary embolism
29
Q

Causes of calcifed lung lesions?

A 
> focal/multifocal
 - bronchial calcification (not pathological) 
- PHBF
- granuloma
- osteosarcoma mets
- 1* lung neoplasia
- aspirated barium sulfate
> diffuse 
- HAC
- HPTH
- chronic uraemia
- idiopathic
30
Q

What is contained within the mediastinum?

A

(formed by reflection of parietal pleura)

  • trachea
  • heart
  • oesophagus
  • aorta and major braches
  • thoracic duct
  • LNs
  • nerves
31
Q

What should you be able to see within the mediastinum on a normal radiograph?

A
  • caudal vena cava, aorta, cardiac silhouette
32
Q

Causes of mediastinal shift?

A

> pressure difference in left and right pleural cavities

  • unilateral lung collapse
  • diaphragmatic hernia
  • collapsed lung lobes
  • chronic pleural space disease with adhesions
  • sternal and vertebral abnormalities
  • NB. Oblique positioning may give impression of mediastinal shift
33
Q

What may be seen with pneumoomediastinum?

A
  • increased visability of oesophagus, tracheal wall and blood vessels (cranial vena cava, brachiocephalic trunk)
34
Q

What may occour 2* to pneumomediastinum?

A
  • gas lucency in fascial planes of neck
  • pneumoperitoneum
  • pneumothorax (but not vice versa)
35
Q

WHat width should the normal mediastinum be?

A
  • =/<2x thoracic vertebra width

- exception: bulldogs wider mediastinum

36
Q

causes of widened mediastinum?

A
  • bulldog
  • obesity
  • thymic sail in young animals
  • haemorrhage
  • mediastinitis/abscess
  • oedema
  • chylomediastinum
  • mediastinal mass
37
Q

What masses may be present in the mediastinum?

A
  • thymus (young)
  • neoplasia
  • oesophageal dilation
  • sternal lymphadenopathy
  • abscess/granuloma
  • haematoma
  • cyst

Respiratory (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions