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Respiratory > Dyspnoea Dogs and Cats > Flashcards

Dyspnoea Dogs and Cats Flashcards

0
Q

Where does obstructive disease affeect URT v LRT?

A

Either! But single URT or diffuse/multiple LRT

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1
Q

Classes of disease that cause dyspnoeic

A
  • obstructive disease
  • loss of thoracic capacity
  • pulmonary parenchymal disease -> VQ mismatch
  • pulmonary vascular disease
  • metabolic/physiological causes
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2
Q

Obstructive causes of dyspnoea

A
  • nasal obstruction
  • trauma
  • FB
  • laryngeal paralysis
  • tracheal collapse
  • brachycephalic obstructive airway disease
  • filaroides
  • extra lumenal mass lesions
  • asthma
    > NOISE!
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3
Q

Causes of loss of thoracic capacity? Ddx?

A
  • fluid/air in pleural space (plerual effusion, pneumothorax)
  • organs displaced from abdo (diaphragmatic rupture or cranial abdo organ enlargement, PPDH pericardio-peritoneo-diaphragmatic hernia congenital)
  • less comonly neoplasia or marked cardiomegaly
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4
Q

Causes of pulmonary parenchymal disease? DdX?

A

> diffusion abnormalities due t o disease of the alveolar wall and interstitium

  • alveolar flooding with oedema, blood or exudate (bronchopneumonia, pulmonary oedema - cardiogenic or noncardiogenic, haemmorrhage)
  • abnormal pulmonary vascular supply (thromboembolism, VQ mismatch)
  • neoplasia
  • pulmonary fibrosis, idiopathic or toxic
  • LRT parasites
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5
Q

Ddx of pulmonary vascular causes of dyspnoea

A
  • pulmonary hypertension (perfusion compromised due to ^ RV afterload)
  • pulmonary thromboembolic disease
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6
Q

Non-respiratory causes of dyspnoea?

A
  • hyperthermia
  • obesity
  • excitement/excercise
  • anaemia
  • acidosis
  • CNS disease
  • endocrine disease
  • neuromuscular disease
  • thoracic wall abnormalities
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7
Q

How does approach to dyspnoeic patient differ to other conditions?

A
  • May need stabilisation first

- Do not stress! WIll ^ oxygen demand

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8
Q

What is the 1st course of action for any dyspnoeic patient?

A
  • oxygen!
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9
Q

How does obstructive URT disease present? Ddx?

A
  • dyspnoea associated with noise and increased inspiratory effort
    > laryngeal paralysis
    > tracheal collapse
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10
Q

How does pleural disease present?

A
  • decreased resp noise on auscultation
  • fluid line on percussion
  • expanded chest
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11
Q

How does pulmonary disease present?

A
  • ^ respiratorynoise on auscultation esp. wheezes and crackles
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12
Q

EMergency tx of URT obstruction?

A
  • establish airway (intubate)

- tracheostomy (bypass airway completely)

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13
Q

Emergency tx of ppleural effusion?

A

thoracocentesis

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14
Q

WHat diagnostic test is best first course of action?

A

Radiography
- differentiate pulmonary disease, pleural disease, abscence of either of these indicating obstructive/non-respiratory causes

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15
Q

Tx if URT obstruction?

A

Surgical (laryngeal tieback etc.)

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16
Q

MOst common infectious respiratory disease of cats?

A

Cat flu

- AKA feline infectious upper respiratory disease complex

17
Q

Where are outbreaks of cat flu commonly seen?

A
  • boarding catteries/breeding colonies/rescue

- usually young

18
Q

Pathogens involved in cat flu?

A 
> Feline herpesvirus ( Feline viral rhinotracheitis) 
> Feline calicivirus
> Chlamydophila felis 
>  BOrdatella
- mycoplasma, reovirus, cowpox virus
19
Q

CLinical signs of cat flu

A
  • RHinitis (+2* bacterial)
  • Occulitis
  • Ulcerative disease seen with calicivirus
    > URTI signs generally
20
Q

WHen is diagnosing type of pathogen helpful?

A

In an outbreak

- in single cases not particularly useful

21
Q

What pathogen is most likely to cause occular discharge?

A

Chlamydophila

22
Q

What pathogen is more likely to cause lingunal ulcers?

A

Calicivirus (can also cause systemic problems)

23
Q

Which pathogen and associated condition causes most severe signs in unvaccinated animals?

A
  • feline viral rhinotracheitis caused by feline herpes virus (FHV)
24
Q

What is one of the first signs of FHV? Pften missed?

A

Dendritic corneal ulcers

25
Q

How may FHV be spread other than via contact?

A

Vertical transmission - may be born infected

26
Q

What signsmay FJV have other than respiratory tract infection?

A
  • abortion

- encephalitis and hepatitis in neonatal kittens

27
Q

Why is calicivirus especially pathogenic?

A
  • high mutation rate so difficult to make vax and highly pathogenic strains can suddenly outbreak and kill things
  • FCV-associated virulent systemic disease complex seen
    > resp disease with pyrexia, cutaneous oedema, ulcerative dermatitis, anorexia, jaundice
    > 50% mortality
28
Q

How can cat flu be diagnosed?

A
  • Hx and clinical signs
29
Q

Tx cat flu?

A
  • Symptomatically for individual

- further diagnositcs may be indicated in an outbreak or if vax has failed etc.

30
Q

Look at ABCD (european board of cat diseases) online

A
31
Q

diagnostic tests available for cat flu pathogens?

A
  • PCR (FHV, FCV, Chamydophila)
  • Viral isolation
  • Serology (not useful for viral as likely vax so + anyway, need paried serology)
  • Bacteriology
32
Q

Which concurrent infections should be checked for in debilitated patients or outbreak animals?

A
  • FIV
  • FeLV
    > Immunosupressive
33
Q

Tx of cat flu?

A

> Acute viral disease, will go away eventually!

  • assist respiration (bromohexine, oxygen)
  • hydration
  • nutritional support
  • BS ABx for 2* infections
  • 1* bordatella or chlamydophila - ABx (Tetracyclines: oxytet, doxycycline) BUT avoid these in young cats and pregnant queens - risk of enamel staining
  • Ideally treat at home otherwie pain to keep in hospital (barrier nursing etc!)
34
Q

Are antiviral drugs advocated?

A
  • limited proof of efficacy!
    > interferon
    > aciclovir
    > trifluorothymidine
35
Q

How can herpesvirus and calicivirus spread?

A
  • contact (direct or indirect)

- aerosol recrudescence due to stress

36
Q

What are cats commonly vax against?

A

Flu (Calicivirus and FHV (viral rhinotracheitis))
Eneteritis
- Bordatella (less evidence for this)

37
Q

Is vax effective in cats?

A

Good at v clinical signs but not good at eradicating disease! No change in prevalence despite widepread vaccinating (cf. smallpox humans where vax could eradicate disease)

38
Q

Why may vaccine not be effective?

A
  • vaccinated against specific pathogens or strains of pathogens
  • disease causing agent may be different!
39
Q

Standard vax schedule?

A
  • 9 weeks 1st vac
  • 2nd vax 3 weeks later
  • booster annually or low risk cats every 3 years
  • ideally prior to anticipated challenge eg. cattery
40
Q

How can potential infection be controlled in groups of cats?

A
  • screen new cats for viral shedding and vaccinate
  • isolate infected individuals
  • disinfect fomites

Respiratory (18 decks)

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