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Respiratory > Infectious Dog Respiratory Disease > Flashcards

Infectious Dog Respiratory Disease Flashcards

1
Q

Other names for kennel cough complex?

A
  • infectious canine tracheobronchitis

- canine infectious respiratory disease (CIRD) complex

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2
Q

Which pathogens are mainly involved in kennel cough/CIRD complex?

A
  • canine parainfluenza virus
  • canine adenovirus type 2
  • bordatella bronchiseptica
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3
Q

Is bordatella bronchiseptica a 1* pathogen? How does it cause damage?

A

can be

  • frequently found in infected dogs but ALSO found in healthy dogs!
  • releases bacterial toxins to damage respiratory epithelium and MCE (ciliostatic)
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4
Q

What is the commonest viral cause of kennel cough

A

Canine parainfluenza virus (CPIV)

- causes mild respiratory disease

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5
Q

When is more severe disease seen with CPIV?

A

Combination with Bordatella

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6
Q

Which canine adenovirus causes respiratory disease in dogs?

A

Type 2

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7
Q

Is adenovirus commonly associated with KC in the UK?

A

No due to good vaccination uptake

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8
Q

What does type 1 adenovirus cause?

A

Hepatitis (ICH)

- may cause respiratoy disease too

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9
Q

Does kennel cough ever cause death?

A

Rarely - more of a problem in rehoming centres, kennels etc. outbreaks

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10
Q

Which minor pathogens are often associated with CIRD?

A
  • canine herpesvirus 1
  • canine respiratory coronavirus
  • mycoplasmas
  • canine pneumovirus
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11
Q

What disease does canine herpesvirus (CHV) commonly cause? Prophylaxis? How is it involved in respiratory disease?

A
  • systemic, often fatal disease of neonatal puppies ( vax for dams available
  • isolated from dogs with respiratory disease (potential reactivation of latent virus due to other disease)
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12
Q

Path at PM with CHV infection?

A

petechial haemorrhage in kidneys

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13
Q

What is the equivalent to the common cold in dogs? Is there a vaccine for this?

A
  • canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV)
  • highly contagious URTI
  • distinct from canine enteric coronavirus (mild D+ in young dogs)*
  • vaccine under development, but NO cross protection between enteric and repsiratory strains
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14
Q

Which is the only mycoplasma associated with disease in dogs?

A 
Mycoplasma cynos 
(m. canis and other spp. may be found incidentally in healthy dogs)
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15
Q

What disease does mycoplasma cause? In what animals?

A
  • pneumonia in puppies and chemosuppressed individuals eg. chemo patients
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16
Q

How is CIRD spread? Where is it commonly seen?

A
  • aerosol/contact with infected dogs
  • rehoming centres, kennels etc.
  • highlyl contagious
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17
Q

Pathogenesis of CIRD?

A
  • infection of resp epithelium with viruses or bordatella
  • cell damage and MCE inhibition
  • potential 2* bacterial infections (eg. strep, pasteurella)
  • different mixes of infectious agents may cause same clinical signs
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18
Q

How long after exposure do clinical signs of CIRD appear?

A

3-7d

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19
Q

Clinical signs of CIRD?

A
  • cough dry -> productive
  • retching esp. excercise or on lead
  • nasal +- occular disacharge
  • recovery ~ 3 weeks even if NOT TREATED!
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20
Q

CLinical signs of systemic disease? what causes these clinical signs?

A
  • depression, pyrexia, inappetence
    > progression to bronchopneumonia
  • canine distemper virus
  • streptococcus equi. zooepidemicus
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21
Q

How is CIRD diagnosed?

A
  • history and clinical signs
  • dx tests usually only necessary if no improvement after 2 weeks or with signs of systemic disease
  • or persistent problems in boarding kennels, vet hospitals or rehoming centres
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22
Q

Which diagnostic tests may be indicated in CIRD cases?

A
  • bacterial culture and sensitivity
  • viral isolation or PCR to rule out distemper
    > tracheobronchial wash or deep pharyngeal swab (NB; bacterial v viral swabs)
  • serology paired samples
  • feacal sample smear/serology to rule out Angiostrongylus sp. SNAP test
  • haemotology (neutrophilia)
  • radiography/rhinoscopy (heart failure/FB/tumour metastasis)
23
Q

Tx of CIRD?

A
  • rest
  • Abx
  • cough suppressants, bronchodilators, mucolytics
  • supportive care for systemic disease (fluids)
24
Q

Prevention and control of CIRD?

A

> vaccines

  • prevent or reduce severity and length of disease caused by B. Bronchiseptica, parainfluenza and adenovirus
  • NB: other infectious agents cause CIRD complex and vaccinated animals can still develop disease!
25
Q

What IGs do differnt vax stimulate?

A
  • parenteral (SC) -> IgG in bloodstream but low IgA and mucosal IgG
  • intranasal -> IgA on mucosal surfaces (faster onset but shorter duration)
26
Q

When should B. Bronchiseptica vaccines be administered? What type of vax are they? Problems?

A

5d before kenelling
- live attenuated
> immunity short lived, will need revax ~6 months if going back into kennels
> strains may be old and different to current ones

27
Q

What type of vax are canine parainfluenza?

A

> live attenuated
- systemic combination vax eg. Nobivac DHPPi
- Intranasal with bordatella eg. Nobivac KC
annual booster recommended but controversial

28
Q

What types of canine adenovirus are there? Do these cross protect?

A

CAV 1 and 2
+ do cross protect
> systemic vax with either strain eg. Nobivac DHPPi

29
Q

What is the most important aspect of CIRD management?

A

Husbandry!!

  • isolate infected animals
  • cleaning, disinfection and drying of kennels
  • good ventilation
  • isolating newcomers
  • avoiding high pop density
30
Q

Where is canine distemper endemic?

A
  • India and Africa
31
Q

What type of virus is distemper?

A

Morbillivirus - related to measles

32
Q

How can distemper be spread?

A
  • aerosol
  • close contact
  • shed in all bodily fluids but cannot survive in environment
33
Q

Pathogenesis of distemper?

A

> Replicates in immune tissues -> immunosupression and 2* bacterial infection (-> broncho-interstital pattern of pneumonia)

  • enters via resp tract
  • spread to tonsils and LNs
  • infects monocytes/macrophages
  • viraemia, systemic dissemination -> interstitial pneumonia, GIT, genitourinary and CNS problems
  • 2-3 weeks post infection good humoral and cellular immune response develops -> recovery or milder disease
34
Q

Clinical signs of distemper CDV?

A
  • nasal and occular discharge
  • cough
  • diarrhoea
  • vomiting
  • depresion
  • anorexia
  • enamel hypoplasia
  • CNS signs (seizures, incoordination, paresis/paralysis, tremors, ocular lesions, neuronal destruction, demyelinatio)
35
Q

What infectious disease should always be a “rule out” for canine CNS disease?

A

distemper

36
Q

What are some strains of distemper also known as?

A
  • hard pad and hard nose disease

- hyperkeratosis of the epithelium caused by some strainsCDV

37
Q

What oral lesions may be seen with distemper?

A

enamel hypoplasia if dogs infected before permenant teeth erupt due to infection of ameloblasts
- may be seen with current infecton or previous infection that has been cleared

38
Q

Diagnosis of distemper made on?

A
  • clinical signs and hx
  • haematology: lymphopenia
  • serology: IgM indicative of recent infection
  • virus isolation/PCR, immunoflueorescance on conjunctival smears
  • CSF antibody detection
39
Q

Tx of distemper

A
  • Abx to prevent 2* infection
  • fluid
  • sedative.anticonvulsants (CNS signs may improve with time)
  • often succumb to 2* bacterial pneumonia
40
Q

Which species are particularly susceptable to CDV? Prevention?

A

Ferrets! Can vaccinate (none licensed Uk but use off label)

41
Q

Prevention and control of distemper?

A
  • liver attenuated vax
  • 8 weeks, 10-12 weeks and 1 year
  • boosters ~ 2 years
    > isoalte dogs
    > disinfect kennel
42
Q

where is influenza commonly seen? (CIV)

A

racetracks

  • mild respiraotry disease
  • some haemorrhagic pnuemonia
43
Q

What other virus is canine influenza virus closely related to?

A

Equine influenza virus H3N8

- CIV is entirely derived from this virus but now spread dog -dog ie. NOT associated with horse contact

44
Q

Is a CIV vax available?

A

in USA yes, no strong evidence to support in UK

45
Q

Where are streptococci found normally?

A

URT

46
Q

Which type of streptococci are highly virulent in the lung?

A

B haemolytic

Lancefield group C most pathogenic

47
Q

What is strep equi zooepidemicus associated with in horses?

A
  • abortion

- low grade resp disease

48
Q

which pathogen has recently become increasingly reported in dogs? what does it cause?

A

strep equi zooepidemicus

- severe necro-haemorrhagic and fibrino-supparative bronchopneumonia with lung consolidation

49
Q

Is strep equi zooepidemicus infection associated with horse dog contact?

A

NO spread dog - dog via fomites

50
Q

Diagnosis of strep zooepidemicus?

A

growth from lung samples or swabs

51
Q

tx of strep zooepidemicus?

A
  • iv fluids
  • ABx
  • intensive care
52
Q

Prognosis of strep zooepidemicus infection?

A

Poor - high mortality sue to sudden onset

BUT ^ number “carrier” animals

53
Q

What is important about strep equi zooepidemicus?

A

ZOONOTIC!

Respiratory (18 decks)

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