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Coughing Horses Flashcards

0
Q

Ddx for LRT disease in foals and weanlings?

A
  • EHV 1 and 4
  • Equine Influenza
  • Undifferentiated respiratory tract infectoin
  • rhodococcus equi
  • strep equi equi
  • parascaris equorum
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1
Q

DDx for URT disease in foals and weanlings?

A
  • EHV 1 and 4
  • Equine influenze
  • Strep equi equi
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2
Q

Causes of undifferentiated bacterial pnuemonia?

A
  • strep zooepidemicus most common

- actinobacillus, klebsiella, s. aureus, bordtello, mycoplasma

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3
Q

CLinical signs of undifferentiated bacterial pneumonia?

A
    • auscultable changes (may not!)
  • mild pyrexia
  • hx of cough
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4
Q

What further diagnostic test findings point t o undifferentated bacterial pneumonia?

A 
> tracheal aspirate/wash
- mucopurulent exudate
> radiography
- bronchointerstitial patterns 
> BAL/tracheal aspirate
- ^ degenerate neutrophils with ic bacteria
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5
Q

Tx of undifferentiated pneumonia in foals

A
  • Abx (culture and sensitivity, start with something good against STREP)
  • rest
  • dust free environment
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6
Q

Infectious causes of adult URT disease?

A
  • equine influenza
  • equine hepres virus 1 and 4
  • EVA
  • equine rhinitis virus
  • Strep equi equi
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7
Q

Infectious causes of LRT disease in adults?

A
  • equine influenze
  • equine herpes virus 1 and 4
  • EVA
  • equine rhinitis virus
  • strep equi equi
  • strep zooepidemicus
  • strep pneumoniae
  • pastuerella/actinobacillus
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8
Q

How do VIRUSES that cuase LRT and URT disease start?

A

URT then 2* LRT (ie. with VIRUSES cannot have LRT without URT first!)
cf. bacteria which can individually affect LRT

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9
Q

Is URT or LRT disease more common?

A

LRT

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10
Q

What aged horses commonly get URT infection?

A

young (yearlings/2yo)

- older animals develop an immunity

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11
Q

Which horses is LRT infection common in? LRT bacterial or viral infection more common?

A
  • all racing age groups
  • especially 2yo flat racer and 4yo national hunt yards (ie. when they come into training and groups of horses mixed)
  • bacterial more common than viral but can ocour in combination
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12
Q

bacteria or viruses most common cause of URT infection?

A

virus

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13
Q

Clinical presentation of all URT disease in adults?

A
  • fever
  • nasal discharge (serous with virus, pussy with bacteria)
  • coughing
  • enlarged submandibular LNs
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14
Q

Clinical presentation of LRT disease in adults?

A 
\+- fever
\+- nasal discharge
- coughing
- mucoid tracheal secretion 
- poor performance 
- may be subclinical and only found if frequently scoped
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15
Q

Is EHV 1 and 4 endemic anywhere?

A

Yes UK and worldwide

  • 75% horses latent infection acting as reservoir for on-going infection
  • stress activates (vax, foaling, travel etc.)
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16
Q

Sites of latency for EHV 1 and 4?

A
  • bronchial LN
  • submandibular LN
  • trigem ganglia
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17
Q

Potential cause of reactiviation of EHV1/4?

A

EHV 2 maybe - no one knows

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18
Q

When are horses most likely first exposed to EHV?

A

foals/weanlings

  • source of infection lactating mares (recrudescence due to foaling!)
  • foal to foal spread
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19
Q

How long does EHV immunity last for?

A

3-5 months

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20
Q

Sources of EHV1+4 re-infection for adults? What does re-exposure cause?

A
  • resp secretions
  • foetus/placenta
  • fomites
    > mild/inapparent infection mostly
    > unless broodmare affected in last trimester -> abortion
    > ascending hindlimb paralysis due to neuro strain possible
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21
Q

Pathogenesis of EHV 1 and 4? Any signs specific to each virus>

A

> BOTH (may be subclinical)
- inhalation of virus
- incubation 3-7d
- replicates in URT epithelium -> URT signs
- potentially disseminates to LRT -> LRT signs
EHV1
- transported ot other organs in T lymphocytes
- viraemic ~ 3 weeks
- vasculitis (CNS disease, abortion, chorioretinopathy)
- 2* bacterial infection

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22
Q

Equine influenza seen worldwide except for where?

A

Nz and australia

23
Q

Most common age affected by equine influenza virus?

A

2 - 3yo racehorses (young)

24
Q

WHat is the most common cuase of URTI?

A

equine influenza virus

25
Q

How is equine influenza virus spread?

A

Aerosol > 30m spread

26
Q

Are vaccinated animals protected from EIV?

A

no, susceptible to infection within 2-3 months

- partial immunity may liit clinical signs but schedding still occours

27
Q

Is the horse a dead end host for EIV?

A

No - may be shed t o dogs (previously thought they were dead end host)

28
Q

Pathogeneis of EIV?

A
  • inhalation
  • URT -> LRT
  • loss of ciliated epithelium -> compromise of ucociliary mechanism
  • NO VIRAEMIA (doesn’t cause other signs, must be looked for in resp secretions not blood sample)
  • may be associated with 2* bacterial infection
29
Q

Which bacterial causes of LRT infection can be grouped together? What signs do they cause?

A
  • Strep zooepidemicus
  • Strep pneumoniae
  • pasteurella/actinobacillus
    > ONLY CAUSE LRT SIGNS NOT URT (unless 2* to viral infection which will always start URT -> LRT)
30
Q

Which type of disease (URT v LRT) needs more diagnostics? Why?

A
  • LRT needs more as could be bacteria/virus

- URT only really viruses and finding which virus will not alter t massively

31
Q

What signs may be seen on endoscopy/LRT samples and haemotology with viral/bacterial LRT infection?

A
  • mucopurulent discharge
  • ^ degenerate neutrophils
    > haem
  • neutropaenia followed by neutrophilia (bacterial)
  • lymphopaenia followed by lymphocytoisus (virus)
  • hyperfibrinogenaemia / SAA
32
Q

FIrst stage of diagnostics for LRT disease?

A

Endoscopy - and take LRT samples culture

33
Q

Diagnoses of virus? Is htis really necessary?

A 
> Not necessary! Tx same for all viruses 
EHV 
-  virus isolation from blood or nasopharyngeal swab
- serology paired samples 
EIV
- paired serology
- virus isolation (weeks) 
- PCR
- ELISA (quick tests available now)
34
Q

Tx of viral infection?

A
  • isolate
  • limit stress
  • maintain hydration
  • NSAIDs to limit pyrexia and improve appetite
  • rest
  • monitor for 2* infection
35
Q

Tx of bacterial infection?

A
  • ABx
  • rest
  • improve environment (dust free etc.)
  • antipyretics
  • mucolytics (maybe)
  • bronchodilators (maybe)
36
Q

Disease prevention - can you avoid herpes and influenza virus? Are there vax for bacterial pathogens?

A
  • No, endemic

- No!

37
Q

Under jockeey club rules, what must horses be vax against?

A

Influenza

38
Q

Difficulties/problems with influenza vax?

A

> immunity short lived
Strains out of date so not perfect
- vax companies need to update strains covered! But some will give cross immunity and does dampen spread of virus hence jockey club rules

39
Q

When may horses race after influenza vax according to jockey club rules?

A

8th day after vax

ANNUALLY

40
Q

How do FEI rules differ to jockey club?

A

Extra booster within 6months and 21d of competition

41
Q

What age can you vax EHV 1 and 4 from?

A

5 months

42
Q

Effects of EHV 1 and 4 vax?

A
  • reduce clinical disease, nasal shedding and days of viraemia
  • natural immunity still short lived (3-5 months) so still not great!
43
Q

Which horses is EHV 1 and 4 most common in and why?

A

Broodmares to prevent reinfection and abortion

44
Q

Non infectious causes of coughing in adult horses - common, fairly common and uncommon?

A 
> common 
- RAO 
- SPAOPD
- IAD
> fairly common
- aspiration pneumonia
- pluropneumonia
- pulmonary abscesses
- left heart failure
- epiglottic entrapment
- URT foreign body 
> uncommon 
- TB 
- lungworm
- tracheal stenosis/collapse
- inhalation pneumonia
- interstitial pneumonia
- neoplasia
45
Q

Other names for RAO?

A

Heaves, COPD, Broken Wind

46
Q

Define RAO

A
  • naturally occourring lower airway disease characterised by reversible airway obstruction
    > neutrophil accumulation
    > mucous production
    > bronchospasm
  • lifelong condition (potential genetic component?)
47
Q

Clinical signs of RAO. 2 main presentations?

A 
Lower resp signs 
> acute and severe 
- respiratory distress
- ^ resp effort 
- double expiratory effort 
- dyspnoea
> chronic
- poor performance
- overt signs of resp dysfunction 
\+- cough
\+- hypertrophy of abdo muscles
48
Q

Diagnosis of RAO and main DDx?

A
  • HX and clinical signs
  • PE: assess airway inflam (tracheal wash/transtracheal wash, BAL)
    > main Ddx bacterial pneumonia (non-degenerate/degenerate neutrophils)
  • on endoscopy: inflammation and corina blunting , mucous
  • lab of tracheal aspirate: ^ neutrophils, NONDEGEN with NO bacteria, ^ mucus, Curshmann’s spirals of mucus plugs
49
Q

Tx of RAO?

A
  • envinormental management
  • tx bronchoconstriction
  • tx pulmnary inflammation
  • tx pulmonary mucus accumulation
50
Q

Tx of SPAOPD? What is SPAOPD?

A
  • summer pasture associated obstructive pulmonary disease

> avoid pasture! put in stable, dust free management

51
Q

Which animals is IAD common in?

A
  • commonly young racehorses but actually ALL ages of sports horse
  • escpecially on mixing eg. beginning of training
52
Q

How does IAD differ to RAO?

A

IAD

  • milder disease (only chronic form seen not acute, no difficult breathing at rest with IAD)
  • definitive cause unknown (potentially bacterial, viral (but not EHV or rhinovirus) blood from EIPH, dusts, LPS, ammonia etc..)
53
Q

Dx of IAD?

A
  • ^ mucous
  • ^ neutrophils OR eosinoophils/mastcells (2 forms of disease)
  • may be bacteria, may not
54
Q

Tx of IAD?

A
  • environmental changes v dust
  • ABx if indicated
  • Interferon if indicated (but not shown to be effective really)
  • corticosteroids if indicated
  • sodium chromoglycate mast cell stabiliser if indicated
  • omega 3 PUFA supplement may be prophylactic?

Respiratory (18 decks)

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