Signature Assignment Flashcards
Descartes v. Locke (personal approach)
Descarte: Loner, did studying in bed while alone.
Locke: Involved in social gatherings and politics. Studied with groups
Descartes v. Locke (nature of knowledge)
Descartes: Approach was to doubt everything and that knowledge was obtained though individual rational through.
Locke: Knowledge is obtained through sensory experience that requires validation and replication for a group of people.
Descartes v. Locke (what the mind)
Descartes: active mind
Locke: passive mind
Descartes v. Lock (influences)
Descartes: cartesian dualism is still heavily active in the culture today. This influence found its way to Freud and still holds strong as mind-body dualism.
Locke: Heavily influenced the scientific community on obtaining knowledge. Empiricism is still used by behaviorism and all of the hard sciences today.
rationalism
questions about nature can only be answered with reason.
Knowledge is gained through experience and innate ideas do not exist.
empiricism
Tested memory in rats and equipotentiality principle
Lashley
Motor (speech) aphasia named after him
Broca
Comparative anatomist. Founded phrenology
Gall
Stimulated conscious brains of epileptic patients
Penfield
Sensory aphasia named after him
Wernicke
Discovered critical motor and sensory strips
Fritch and Hitzig
Used ablation and discovered the function of the cerebellum
Flourens
Phrenology’s three assumptions
- Discrete psychological faculties were housed in specific parts of the brain.
- The bumps on the surface reflected the size of the underlying brain parts (faculties).
- The size of the skull reflects the shape of the brain.
The Kantian theme of Ch. 4
Conscious experience differs from objective reality
How Kant viewed the world
Noumenal: external reality (things as they are in the world).
Phenomenal: internal reality (things as they appear).
Four characteristics of the mind that forced Kant to say psychology can never be a science
- No spatial dimension
- Mental phenomena are too transient for sustained observation.
- Cannot be experimentally manipulated
- Cannot be mathematically analyzed or described.
Helmholtz scientific contributions
Conservation of Energy: energy cannot be created or destroyed by any physical process. Energy is constant and conserved.
Speed of nervous impulse: Found that the speed of the nervous impulse was finite and measurable in human reaction times
Two reasons why Helmholtz was one of Psychology’s great pioneers
- Neurological processes are amenable to scientific study.
2. Integrated scientific conception of the Kantian mind. (the brain operates by lawful and mechanistic principles)
Used introspection but thought it was unreliable
Wundt
Thought subjects could be trained to make introspection reliable
Titchener
Thought psychology couldn’t be completely experimental
Wundt
Started the system in psychology called Structuralism
Titchener
Mystery of mysteries
How the millions of different species that inhabit the earth originally came into being.
Three answers for the mystery of mysteries
- Creation by design (intelligent design).
- Lamarck: Inheritance of acquired characteristics.
- Darwin: Natural selection
Natural Selection
Small, random, inheritable difference among individuals that result in different chances of survival.
Darwin’s book
On the Origin of Species by means of Natural selection (1859)
Darwin’s main influences
- Social Darwinism
- Comparative psychology
- Sociobiology
- Evolutionary Psychology
Four reason’s why Galton was a Pioneer
- Pioneered the idea that tests could be used to measure psychological differences among people.
- Argued that intelligence was inheritable
- Proposed controversial social policies.
- Popularized the scientific study of individual differences
