Psych Overview: U4 Test Flashcards
The name and year of James famous textbook,
Principles of Psychology (1890)
The name of James’ philosophy
Pragmatism
how and why James viewed determinism in his personal life
When James was not functioning as a psychologist, but as a moral philosopher or simply as a feeling, willing, and socially responsive human being, he could and would adopt a belief in free will
How and why James viewed determinism in psychology
James believed that a true science has to postulate complete determinism, because under indeterminism, “science simply stops.” Science and psychology did not and could not contain all the answers for James.
what he meant by before determinism “science simply stops”),
Modern psychology’s (and other sciences) most impressive gains had occurred via the assumption of mechanism and determinism.
the name of James’ (and Lange’s) theory of emotion,
James-Lange theory of emotion
the names and accomplishments of his students.
i. Hall: First American to earn a PhD in experimental psychology under James. Found of the American Psychological Association and numerous journals. Popularized the term adolescence.
ii. Calkins: One of the first women to overcome gender discrimination and establish a career in psychology. Developed paired-associates technique for studying memory as well as an influential system of self-psychology.
iii. Thorndike: An American comparative psychologist who studied with James and went on to become the country’s best-known psychologist after James’s death. Trial-and-error, law of effect.
iv. Boring: Experimental psychologist who became America’s first important historian of psychology.
Know what Pavlov won the Nobel prize for and when
his discoveries on the physiology of digestion in 1904.
what he talked about in his address,
He publicly introduced his idea of conditioned reflexes.
the name of his 1927 book,
Conditioned Reflexes (1927)
The basic terms of his science,
i. Unconditioned stimuli: Stimulus component of a Pavlovian unconditioned reflex
ii. Unconditioned response: The response component of a Pavlovian unconditioned reflex
iii. Conditioned Stimuli: An originally neutral stimulus that, after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus, triggers a conditioned response in a Pavlovian conditioned reflex.
iv. Conditioned Response: The learned response in a Pavlovian conditioned reflex
including the five or so different kinds of experiments he conducted,
i. Response Magnitude: the number of drops of saliva secreted based on the number of pairings. Conditioned reflexes became progressively stronger, with response magnitudes regularly increasing over the first thirty or so pairings; after that, the conditioned reflex’s strength leveled off.
ii. Response Latency: the number of seconds between the presentation of the tone and the first observable salivation (ISI). Conditioned reflexes became progressively stronger, with response latencies decreasing over the first thirty or so pairings; after that, the conditioned reflex’s strength leveled off.
iii. Higher order conditioning: a strong conditioned salivary reflex was first established to one stimulus, such as the sound of a bell, which then served as the unconditioned stimulus in a further series of pairings with another conditioned stimulus, such as a flash of light.
iv. Generalization: conditioned reflexes could be elicited by stimuli similar but not identical to the original conditioned stimulus.
v. Discrimination (differentiation): A dissimilar stimulus was then presented repeatedly, but never “reinforced” by a succeeding unconditioned stimulus, a further kind of learning occurred.
How Pavlov influenced behaviorism in America
Pavlov’s influence had also spread to the U.S., where his nonmentalistic approach appealed strongly to a group of young scientists who called themselves behaviorists. The behaviorists used techniques like Pavlov’s to establish behavioral laws regarding stimuli and responses that could stand independent of physiology.
Know the title of date of Watson’s important article
Psychology as a Behaviorist Views it (1913)
In what three ways did Watson declare independence from traditional psychology
i. A properly behavioristic psychology must be completely objective and rule out all subjective data or interpretations in terms of conscious experience.
ii. Psychology’s goal was not to describe and explain conscious states, as the traditionalists would have it, but rather to predict and control overt behavior.
iii. Watson denied the traditional psychological distinction between humans and other animals.