Psych Overview: U4 CH. 9

Question 1

What did Pavlov do in his Nobel Prize address of 1904

Answer 1

He publicly introduced his idea of conditioned reflexes.

Question 2

Stimulus component of a Pavlovian unconditioned reflex

Answer 2

Unconditioned stimulus

Question 3

The response component of a Pavlovian unconditioned reflex

Answer 3

Unconditioned response

Question 4

An originally neutral stimulus that, after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus, triggers a conditioned response in a Pavlovian conditioned reflex.

Answer 4

Conditioned Stimuli

Question 5

The learned response in a Pavlovian conditioned reflex.

Answer 5

Conditioned Response

Question 6

Type of conditioning that occurs when a conditioned reflex is first established to one stimulus, which then goes on to serve as the unconditioned stimulus in a further series of pairings.

Answer 6

Higher-order conditioning

Question 7

Conditioned reflexes could be elicited by stimuli similar but not identical to the original conditioned stimulus.

Answer 7

Generalization

Question 8

If the dissimilar stimulus was then presented repeatedly, but never “reinforced” by a succeeding unconditioned stimulus, a further kind of learning occurred.

Answer 8

Differentiation

Question 9

A dramatic behavioral change that occurred in some of Pavlov’s animal subjects when they were forced to confront an ambiguous differentiation task. This behavior appeared to be similar to stress-induced breakdowns in human beings.

Answer 9

Experimental Neurosis

Question 10

What is the name of Watson’s famous “manifesto” and when did it appear?

Answer 10

Psychology as the behaviorist views it (1913)

Question 11

The view that environmental factors have overwhelmingly greater importance than heredity or constitution in determining behavior.

Answer 11

Radical environmental

Question 12

Conditioning that occurs when organisms learn to actively manipulate, control, and “operate upon” their environments by encountering consequences.

Answer 12

Operant conditioning

Question 13

a cage for a white rat with a lever-bar mounted on one wall near a food tray and connected to a mechanism that dropped a food pellet into the tray when the bar was pressed.

Answer 13

Skinner box

Question 14

The graphical representation of rates of response under different reinforcement schedules generated by an automated recorder in operant condition experiments

Answer 14

Cumulative record

Question 15

A stimulus that follows a response and increase the probability of similar responses under similar conditions.

Answer 15

Reinforcement

Question 16

The specific conditions under which the responses were reinforced or not with food pellets.

Answer 16

Contingency of reinforcement

Question 17

Discontinuing reinforcement from a previously reinforced response that decreases similar responses under similar circumstances.

Answer 17

Operant extinction

Question 18

Interval or fixed time and ratio contingencies that increased the responding required for reinforcement

Answer 18

reinforcement schedules

Question 19

What was the title of Skinner’s first book and when was it published,

Answer 19

The Behavior of Organisms (1938)

Question 20

Reinforcers that do not require any pairing with another stimulus to function as a reinforcer.

Answer 20

Primary reinforcement

Question 21

Reinforcers that acquire their power only after having been paired with other, primary reinforcers.

Answer 21

Secondary reinfocement

Question 22

Complicated subjects such as mathematics are broken down into simple, stepwise components that are presented to students in order of increasing difficulty, such that students are positively reinforced for every incremental response.

Answer 22

Programmed instruction

Question 23

Presentation of a stimulus that follows a response and increases the probability of similar responses under similar conditions.

Answer 23

Positive reinforcement

Question 24

Removal of a stimulus that follows a response and increases the probability of similar responses under similar conditions.

Answer 24

Negative reinforcement