Short term effects of exercise Flashcards
cardiac output
the volume of blood pumped out of the heart per minute
stroke volume
the amount of blood pumped out of the heart per beat
heart rate
the number of beats per minute
anticipatory rise
heart rate starts to rise slighting before exercise because of adrenaline
minute ventilation
the amount of air inhaled or exhaled per minute, measured in l
tidal volume
the amount of air inhaled or exhaled per breath, measured in ml
frequency
the number of breathes taken per minute, measured in breaths
vital capacity
the maximum amount of air exhaled following a maximum inhalation
vascular shunting
the redistribution of blood during exercise
vasodilation
widening of lumen in the blood vessel to increase the volume of blood travelling through it
vasoconstriction
narrowing of lumen in the blood vessel to decrease the volume of blood travelling through it
muscle fatigue
reduction in a muscle ability to produce force
lactate accumulation
build up of lactic acid in the blood and muscles due to an increased work intensity
what is the cardiac output equation?
stroke volume x heart rate= cardiac output
how does the cardiac output equation alter during exercise?
-stroke volume and heart rate increases resulting in cardiac output increasing
-the working muscles need more oxygen
-meaning blood needs to circulate around the body more quickly
-the heart therefore increases the amount of blood being pumped per minute
-this allows the oxygen to be delivered more quickly
-meanwhile carbon dioxide is carried away more quickly
what are the short term effects of exercise on stroke volume?
- the average resting stroke volume is 70ml/beat, depending on fitness levels
- stroke volume increases as exercise intensity rises, the heart contracts with more force, which squeezes out more blood per contraction
- the heart can only contract so hard, therefore when it reaches this point, stroke volume reaches its peak and can’t go any higher
- as exercise intensity increases, the stroke volume reduces slightly, this is because the heart rate gets so high there is not enough time for the heart to fully fill with blood between beats
what are the short term effects of exercise on heart rate?
- average resting heart rate is 75 bpm
- heart rate starts to rise slightly before exercise- anticipatory rise
- during exercise the heart rate increases with intensity
- heart rate reaches a plateau, this occurs either where exercise allows, or when it reaches its maximum
- following exercise the heart rate remains elevated then slowly reduces
what are the short term effects of exercise on cardiac output?
1.average resting cardiac output is around 5l/min
2. cardiac output starts to rise slightly before exercise- anticipatory rise
3. during exercise, the cardiac output increases with intensity
4. cardiac output reaches a plateau, this occurs where exercise allows, or when it reaches its maximum
5. following exercise the heart rate remains elevated, then slowly reduces
what is the minute ventilation equation?
tidal volume x frequency = minute ventilation
what piece of equipment can be used to measure lung values?
spirometer
what do lines upward on a spirometer mean?
represent inhalation
what do lines downward on a spirometer mean?
represent exhalation
what are the short term effects of exercise on the respiratory equation?
-during exercise your working muscles demand more oxygen
-as a result your lungs need to inhale more air
-this causes your breathing frequency and tidal volume to increase
- this allows more oxygen to diffuse into the blood stream and circulate around the body
-it also allows more carbon dioxide to leave the body through exhalation
what is the vascular system?
the vessels that carry blood around the body
what are the short term effects of exercise on the vascular system?
during exercise it is crucial to send blood to the working muscles, this is to allow the oxygen and nutrients to be delivered where needed, blood is only able to reach these muscles if it is redistributed
what happens to the redistribution of blood during rest?
higher proportion of blood flow is directed toward organs
what happens to the redistribution of blood during exercise?
-higher proportion of blood is sent to the muscles
-therefore during exercise the body alters its priorities and redirects blood
what are the short term effects of exercise on the muscular system?
-during aerobic exercise, more oxygen diffuses into the working muscles
-if the exercise becomes too intense the muscles will be forced to work anaerobically
-this results in the blood leaving the muscles containing a lower level of oxygen and higher level of by products
