Short Notes on Grammar Flashcards
animikii
thunder
miigwan
feather
akik
kettle
zhoomin
grape
aanakwad
cloud
Inini niwaabamaa.
Waakaa’igan niwaabandaan.
I see a man.
I see a house.
nin-jiimaan-i-naan
gi-jiimaan-i-naan
gi-jiimaan-i-waa
o-jiimaan-i-waa
our (exc) boat (-i- before suffix - connecting vowel)
our (inc) boat
yinz’s boat
their boat
gi-jiimaan-an
gi-jiimaan-iwaa-n
your boats
yinz’s boats
ni-zhooniya-m
gi-zhooniya-m
o-zhooniya-m[-an]
ni-zhooniya-m-i-naan
gi-zhooniya-m-i-naan
gi-zhooniya-m-i-waa
o-zhooniya-m-i-waa[-n]
my money
your
her
our exclusive
our inclusive
yinz’s
their
(p2 in brackets)
m m m[an]
minaan minaan miwaa miwaa[n]
jiimaanish
mookomaanish
useless boat
stoopid knife
nimishoomisibaniig
nimookomaaniban
my late grandfather
my last knife
The preterit suffix is /-(i)ban/
Misho!
Grandfather!
abbreviated vocative
Bizindamog inashke, abinoojiiyidog
Listen to it, children
(Look! Listen to it …)
-dog vocative plural suffix
Paul omaamaayan jiibaakwewan
Paul’s mother is cooking
- mother is p2
osayeyan iniw
that is his older brother
- with p2 nouns only inanimate plural demonstrative pronouns are used
awedi
ingiwedig
iwedi
iniwedin
that (animate) over there
those (animate) over there
that (inanimate) over there
those (inanimate) over there
(look for wedi, widi)
nindamwaa opin
I eat a potato
- can’t use niwiisin
bangishimo
it is sunset
nimiijin wiiyaas
I eat meat VTI
- verb matches object i or a
nindamwaa
I eat it - BUT animate
nimiijin manoomin
I eat wild rice (inanimate)
baapi
she laughs
ni-(verb)
gi-( verb)
(verb)
ni-( verb)-min
gi-( verb)-min
gi-( verb)-m
(verb)-wag
vai conjugation
gi-wiisini-m
gid-izhaa-m
wiisini-wag
izhaa-wag
yinz eat
yinz go
they eat
they go
vai
giga-waabamin
see you later
niwaabamidiz
giwaabam
giwaabamidiz
niwaabam
waabamidizo
I see myself
you see me
you see yourself
she sees me
she sees herself
giwaabandaanim
giwaabandaanaawaa
owaabandaanaawaa
we (inclusive) see it
yinz see it
they see it
waawiyeyaa
waabishkaa
bizhishigwaa
it’s round
it’s white
it’s empty
gisinaa
it’s cold
waaban
dawn
da-zaagaate waabang
it will be sunny tomorrow
onoondawaan nimaabaayan ma’iingan
nimbaabaa owaabamigoon ma’iinganan
The wolf hears my father
My father is seen by the wolf
- the second structure is preferred. Passive, so that father is p1
Paul omaamaayan jiibaakwewan;
osayeyan bimosewan
Paul’s mother is cooking.
his older brother is walking
- mother and brother are p2
obviative suffixes
Noun obviative suffix is /-an/, or /-n, -yan, -wan/. For verb obviative suffixes see Verb Paradigms.
nisaye a’aw
gisaye a’aw
osayeyan iniw
that is my older brother (a’aw - ‘that’ animate)
that is your older brother
that is his older brother (iniw - only plural inanimate demonstrative pronouns are used with p2 even if singular
Aanawi waa-gimiwang noongom, giwii-babaamosemin mitigwaakiing.
Even though it rains today, we will go for a walk in the forest.
-changed conjunct
Niwaabamaa a’aw memengwaa mekawaadizid.
I see that beautiful butterfly.
- participle
Niwaabamaag degoshingig.
I see those who arrived.
- participle
gekinoo’amaaged
he who is a teacher
- participle
zaaga’an
go out!
biidoon i’iw mazina’igan
biidooyok iniw mazina’iganan
You, bring that book!
Yinz, bring those books!
wiisinikan
wiisinikag
eat (later), you
eat (later), yinz
- delayed imperative
gego zaaga’nken
gego zaaga’ankegon
gego doodangen
Don’t go outside (you)
Don’t go outside (yinz)
Don’t do it (you)
- prohibitive imperative
note
both Independent and Conjunct Orders also have a set of modes: neutral, or indicative mode, preterit mode, dubitative mode, and dubitative-preterit mode. And each of those modes has its own paradigm set yay
giwiisin ina?
giminikwe na?
ginamadab ina?
gigii-anokii na bijiinaago?
giwii-izhaa na adaawewigamigong waabang?
Are you eating?
drinking?
sitting?
Did you work yesterday?
Will you go to the store tomorrow?
- yes no questions
gaawiin + sii or zii
siin or ziin
sinoon or zinoon
vai and most vta
vti and some vta
vii
gaawiin niwaaband-an-ziin-an
gaawiin niwaabam-aa-sii
gaawiin niwaabam-aa-siin-aan
I don’t see them
I don’t see him
We don’t see him?
- negative suffix before plural suffix
/a/ becomes /e/,
/aa/ becomes /ayaa/,
/e/ becomes /aye/,
/i/ becomes /e/,
/ii/ becomes /aa/,
/o/ becomes /we/,
/oo/ becomes /waa/,
/ji/ becomes /ge/,
/ga/ becomes /ge/.
practice
/gii-/ changes into /gaa-/, /ga-/ into /ge-/, and /wii-/ into /waa-/. Initial vowel change affects the first syllable of a verb, making no difference of what this first syllable actually is - tense prefix, preverb or a verb itself.
yep
aandi onji
where from
aniish pii
when
