Short answer questions Flashcards
- Define dementia and briefly differentiate between common types. Highlight symptoms and key distinctions among them.
- Alzheimer’s disease
- Neurological causes of Alzymers
- Strategies to help dementia
1.) A cluster of diseases characterized by cognitive and behavioural deficits involving some form of permanent damage to the brain.
Different types:
a.) Vascular dementia: caused by numerous small strokes
- faster progression than alzymers
b.) Lewy body dementia: caused by protein accumulation and neuron death
c.) Parkinson’s : movement disorder can progress into dementia
d.) Huntington’s: involuntary movement hallucinations, a hereditary neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor dysfunction, cognitive decline, and psychiatric symptoms, typically manifesting in mid-adulthood.
Medication and brain implants can help
e.) Alcohol-related dementia: drinking stops progression stops
f.) HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders: caused by brain infection
g.) Alzehymers: the most common form of progressive, degenerative, and fatal dementia, accounting for 60-80% of dementia cases
*More prevalent in women and older adults (risk goes up the older you get, and women live longer than men)
*Alzheimer’s Symptoms: memory lose, difficulty with daily life problem and familiar tasks, confusion with time or place, misplacing things, poor judgment, imaging processing, social withdrawal changes in mood and personality
Alzheimer’s Treatment:
*Beta-amyloid deposits could be linked to infection and inflammation- brains not as efficient at flushing out waste
Currently there is no cure, no prevention, no treatment, only care and alleviation of symptoms
Mostly behavioural interventions
ex calendars or spaced retrieval (gradually taught to remember things with spaced intervals)
Most effective when paired with broad social support & service provider support
Alzheimer stuff:
Symptoms worse in evening (sundowning)
*In advanced stages, causes incontinence and immobility
*Assessment is extensive: you want to rule out other disorders first because Alzheimer’s is none treatable- last resort
Neurological Causes of Alzheimer’s:
*Rapid cell death: dramatic brain shrinkage in hippocampus (responsible for memory), cortex and basal forebrain
*Neurofibrillary tangles:
- Neurofibers get tangled up because there’s too much phosphate binding with the tau proteins
-These tangles interfere with the transmission of the nutrients and information and kill the neurons
* Neuritic plaques
- Proteins called beta amyloid proteins that clump up with neuron detritus (neuron junk)
- clump up on and around neurons.
- similar to heart attack where plaque builds up in arteries
- neurons get clogged up and information can’t pass through
Neuro changes are similar to
normative aging, but more rapid and
more dramatic
Genetic causes to Alzheimer’s:
Early onset (before 65) often related to gene mutations responsible for beta-amyloid protein production
*Later onset (after 65) often related to 9 different genes which are responsible for different processes
*One chromosomal trait related to neuritic plaques
What is a good death?
What are the four main things that go into making a death “good”?
How does a “good death” relate to generativity?
A good death is how you think death “should be” in an ideal scenario.
- Minimizes pain and suffering (not traumatizing, it’s as peaceful as it can be)
- Maximizes psychological security and
control, minimizes fear and anxiety (the person is as in control over the situation as it can be) - Be close emotionally to the people we
care about - Have the sense that there was integrity
and purpose in our lives (feeling comfortable about dying is associated with feeling generativity - like your life had purpose)
A good death should be associated with generativity. The dying individual should feel like they were able to leave a part of themselves in this world that would make a difference and benefit others.
What are the benefits of leisure activities?
What are some age related changes to leisure activities
- Promote better mental health and higher optimism
- Helps connect with ourselves across our life
- Leads to personal transformation
- Gives you goal or millstone
- leads to higher marital satisfaction
- leads to better relationships and social acceptance
*Emotional investment in a place - you want to take care of it
- improves mental health - High energy vs. low energy activities and age
- Activity level across early adulthood is predictive of activity levels later in life
- Younger adults higher energy activities
- Older adults more moderate to sedentary activities
Define generativity.
Generativity is the desire to generate outcomes that benefit others and outlast the individual
Biological
Technical
Agentic
Communal
5. Cultural
It is encouraged by:
- Redemption sequence:
personal struggles into motivations for helping others
- Commitment scripts:
+ experiences inspire a deep commitment to positively impact future generations.
Lgbtq+
- desire to support others who are new to community
What are the 4 domains of development?
What is a dynamic system?
PHYSICAL the way the brain, body, and senses grow
MOTOR the way someone develops control over their body’s movements
SOCIAL the way a person develops relationships with others and understands others’ behaviours
EMOTIONAL the way a person experiences and develops an understanding of their own and others’ emotions
COGNITIVE how a person thinks, reasons, explores, and understands the world around them
Dynamic system how all these domain work together
Explain the systems of development for memory loss. How are they dynamic?
Physical: The physical structure of the brain degrades as we age
Motor activities can help retain memory
Social/emotional: trauma and social support
Moral of story:If your memory starts to deteriorate in one of these stages, the other stages are also effected
