lecture 1

Question 1

What are the 4 domains of development?

Answer 1

Physical: body, body senses growth
Motor: development of control over one’s body (can have gross or fine motor movements)
Social: development of relationships with others and understanding of their behaviour
Emotional: understand your feelings and others
Cognitive: think, reason, understand

Question 2

What is the concept of dynamic systems?

Answer 2

All the domains interact with each other

Question 3

Explain the systems of development for memory lose. How are they dynamic?

Answer 3

Physical: The physical structure of the brain degrades as we age
Motor activities can help retain memory
Social/emotional: trauma and social support
Moral of story:If your memory starts to deteriorate in one of these stages, the other stages are also effected

Question 4

What are the 4 factors of development?

Answer 4

Biological: genetics, Health factors
Psychological: cognition, perception, emotions, personality
Sociocultural: Interpersonal and social
Emotional Broader societal Personality Culture & ethnicity
Life cycle: The timing of events

Question 5

Ecological systems theory (sociocultural model of development).
Who invented it?
What is it?

Answer 5

Invented by urie Bronfenbrenner
- based off the idea that everything affects everything

Technosytem: media

Microsystem: family friends

Mesosystem: interactions between microsystem and exosystem

Exosystem: political system education system government etc.

macrosystem: belief cultural system

chronosystem: time and historical vents

Question 6

Healing after trauma domains of development

Answer 6

Biological:
-how do they react to stress
-do they have any health issues made worse by trauma

Physiological
-how do they think about the trauma?
- early emotional development?
- personality factors

Sociocultural:
- do they have social support?
- was the trauma interpersonal
- was it based on culture/ what is their culture

Life cycle:
- what’s going on in their life

Question 7

What is intersectionality?

Answer 7

• invented by kimberle crenshaw
• Race and gennder bais can combine to create additional harm

Question 8

What are Paul Baltes’ key features of adult development?

Answer 8

Multidirectionally: our development is growing and declining @ diff rates @diff times.
* Fought against the thought that development was linear

Historical context: effects of the time you were born

Plasticity: Many skills can be learned or improved, but there if a limit 9you can only get so much better)
* Fought against theory that development stops at 18

Multiple causation: Many forces interact with eachother

Question 9

Life span approach

Answer 9

• early experience= important for understanding later development
• we develop throughout our whole lives

Question 10

Resources and support

Answer 10

You need more external resources when you age, your internal ones start to suck

Question 11

What is gerontology

Answer 11

The study of aging

Question 12

Three cohorts discussed

Answer 12

Normative age-graded influences: marked by an age or time that happens to most people (ex. puberty, drinking age etc.)

Normative history-graded influences: events that people in a culture experience at the same time (ex. covid, great depression etc.)

Nonnormative influences: events that are important to an individual and not others

Question 13

What are the 3 types of aging?

Answer 13

• Primary: Normal, disease free (everyone experiences this)
• secondary: changes that are not evitable take place, often caused by lifestyle
• tertiary: rapid decline before death

Question 14

What are four different ways to think about aging?

Answer 14

Chronological age: # years

Psychological age: how old is your mind

sociocultural age: based on roles adopted with other people (elder)

biological clock (physical age) vs social clock (society’s assumptions with what people should be doing at certain ages)

Question 15

Two main parts of ethical research?

Answer 15

1. informed consent
2. debrief
   (must be approved by ethics review board)

Question 16

Naturalistic observation vs structured observation

Answer 16

Watching in the wild - no control

control - not as natural

Question 17

When observing a study, you must be careful of…

Answer 17

Observer basis: only see what you want to see
Observer influence: person acts diff cause they being watched

Question 18

considerations for self reports

Answer 18

• must make sure all languages are available
• People over/under estimate themselves
• Our memories aren’t always accurate
• response bais

Question 19

Biophysio data

Answer 19

Measuring any biological, physical data, such as heart rate, hormones (such as cortisol to measure stress), skin conductance, breathing, neurological data, etc.
When used alongside other measures, biophysio data can help corroborate conclusions and lead to stronger results

be careful of
- tech issues
- price
- errors
- can make participants uncomfortable

Question 20

reliability and validity

Answer 20

R E L I A B I L I T Y
The results are consistent and can be attained repeatedly overtime
“Cronbach’s alpha”
Cohen’s kappa
Inter rater reliability

V A L I D I T Y
- A measure is truly measuring what it’s supposed to measure.
Construct validity
Concurrent validity

Question 21

correlational

Answer 21

Measured using a correlation coefficient, rr values range from -1 to 0 to +1. Closer to 0 means unrelated. Closer to -1 or +1 means more related, with +1meaning a positive correlation and -1 meaning a negative correlation
Remember:positive and negative don’t mean “good” or “bad” here, they just mean the direction of the relationship. We can’t understand cause when we look at correlations. Correlation does not equal causation

Question 22

Independent variable vs dependent variable

Answer 22

Independent:
- thing that you test
- thing that is different

Dependant:
- thing you observe
- responds to changes you made
- you measure this

Question 23

Longitudinal test

Answer 23

The same group is tested or observed multiple times at different points in their lives
Weaknesses
- It’s expensive
- Attrition (Selective attrition)
- Practice effect

Question 24

cross sectional

Answer 24

Researchers observe and test multiple smaller groups atone time point
Benefits
Major weakness

Question 25

Longitudinal- sequential

Answer 25

This is like a mix between longitudinal and cross-sectional. Instead of following the same group for a long time, researchers observe and test multiple smaller groups over a shorter time
Example: let’s say I want to study development from age 5-20. I could do a15 year long longitudinal study, or in a longitudinal-sequential design, I would study a group of 5 year olds, 10 year olds, and 15 year olds for 5 years.

• Same benefits and downsides as a cross-sectional study, but with the added benefit of having longer-running data for the participants

Question 26

Methods of data analysis

Question 27

Quantitative vs Qualitative vs mixed methodes

Answer 27

Q U A N T I T A T I V E: Involves statistical analyses, such as t-tests, ANOVAs, regressions, and correlations
- Statistical significance

Q U A L I T A T I V E
- Involves coding, often based on recurring themes that come out of the interview data. Coding is based off of defined, field-wide coding theories.

M I X E D M E T H O D S
- Combines the two methods, often to corroborate either method. For example, measuring scores on a depression inventory and interviewing the person about their depression symptoms.