Day 2

Question 1

What is structural imaging

Answer 1

they are highly detailed pictures of the brain t scans mris xs rays

Question 2

What is Functional imaging

Answer 2

Brain activity
Sees what areas of the brain are active

Question 3

What are uses of imaging?

Answer 3

Can examine normative changes
Explain changes
Identify different mechanisms of the brain
Find out where and what different systems of the brain are doing
Helps design intervention (helps figure out what’s wrong and how to stop it)

Question 4

What is the neuropsychological approach? And how does it help?

Answer 4

Neuropsychological: Compare brains of healthy older adults with adults of any age with a condition, we compare areas of damage
Helps us understand what’s going on in the illness or damage

Question 5

What is a neuron

Answer 5

brain cell

Question 6

neuro transmitter

Answer 6

Caries information

Question 7

myelin sheath

Answer 7

fatty layer that insulates the tail of the neurons
It protects and helps info move faster

Question 8

White matter

Answer 8

Network of neurofibers that make up the denser inner part of our brain

Question 9

Cerebral cortex

Answer 9

Outermost part of brain. It has two hemispheres connected by thick bundles of neurons called corpus

Question 10

ventricles

Answer 10

Ventricle transport cerebral central fluid
(Air bag)

Question 11

Corpus colosum

Answer 11

Bundles of neurons that connect the two hemispheres of the brain

Question 12

Prefrontal frontal cortex

Answer 12

In control of executive functioning.
ex. Decision-making
inhibiting our responses
regulation of impulses

Question 13

Cerebellum

Answer 13

Controls coordination and equilibrium, balance (important for aging

Question 14

Lympic system

Answer 14

emotion motivation and memory

Question 15

Hippocampus (in lymbic system)

Answer 15

In charge of memory highly and is effected by age

Question 16

Amygdala (in limbic system)

Answer 16

Fight or flight emotion processing threat detection
can preserve threats in social environments
Semantic or neurosystem therapy works with Amygdala - you think everything is a threat

Question 17

What are normative age related changes with the brain?

Answer 17

• number of neurons declines
• number and quality of dendrites (ability to have connections between bran cells) decrease this effects: processing speed longer, memory bad, less info processing
• Fibre tangles in our axons-they get wrapped around each other: slower processing speeds
• Protein deposits in and around neurons (this is debris) slows down system

Question 18

What is normative aging vs non-normative aging?

Answer 18

Non-normative aging has the same structural and changes as normative aging but just with a different severity and speed.

Question 19

White matter hyperintensities

Answer 19

This is declining white matter in the brain
looks like holes in the brain on MRIs

Question 20

Dopamine and aging

Answer 20

Dopamine lowers= less high effort cognitive processing (memory recall)
Abnormal serotonin processing-related to normative age decline, dementia and schizophrenia

Question 21

Brain size and aging

Answer 21

Starting at age 40 you lose about 5% of your brain size every decade
At age 70 we see increases in brain size in prefrontal cortex hypocampus and cerebellum

Question 22

Cerebral cortex and aging

Answer 22

• thins out- slower less efficient information processing

Question 23

Ventricles and age

Answer 23

• They get bigger

Question 24

What are the behavioural changes that we see tied to structural changes?

Answer 24

Emotion processing-they pay more attention to emotional meaning
older adults show different additional brain patterns than young adults
provides us with evidence that the brain keeps developing

Question 25

Theory of mind and executive functioning

Answer 25

Our understanding that other people have different perspectives than us theory of mind is related to executive functioning

Question 26

Memory

Answer 26

Temporal lobe important for memory Normative aging= decreased volume, There are different paterns of activity in the brain this is evidence that the brain is trying to work around this structural damage. Theses new roots might not be as effective but work

Question 27

Pareto-Frontal integration theory (P-fit)

Answer 27

Different intelligence is based on individual diff. in brain structure and function As we age our brains reconfigure the neural pathway we use. We rely on diff intelligence theory to explain why older ad younger brains act differently

Question 28

The Crunch model

Answer 28

looks at how brain adapts to normative decline by picking up other neural circuits Older people recruit more help from across the brain as apposed to just one hemisphere as tasks get harder, the brain will recruit more help until it hits the point it can't recruit anymore, at this point the performance on the task will suffer - older people hit that crunch point earlier

Question 29

The STAC-r model

Answer 29

brains compensate for cognitive design create backup nero pathways Considers Life course factors and resources (brain energy) looks at neuro resource enrichment (education, fitness, multilingualism) and depletion (stress)

Question 30

What is the neurocorrelational approach?

Answer 30

An approach that attempts to relate measures of cognitive performance to measures of brain structure or functioning ( not in real time) Ex. In fMRI and doing tasks looks for correlation between brain scan and issue

Question 31

What is the activation imaging approach?

Answer 31

Attempts to directly link functional brain activity with cognitive behavioural data

Question 32

What are Compensatory changes?

Answer 32

Changes that allow older adults to adapt to the inevitable behavioural decline resulting from changes in specific areas of the brain

Question 33

What are dendrites

Answer 33

A feature of a neuron that acts like antennas to recive signals from other neurons

Question 34

Axon

Answer 34

Part of neuron that contains neurofibers

Question 35

Neurofibers

Answer 35

Carries info inside neuron from dendrites to the terminal branches

Question 36

terminal branches

Answer 36

Endpoints of neurons that transmit signals across the snyapse