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Adulthood and aging > Day 2 > Flashcards

Day 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is structural imaging

A

they are highly detailed pictures of the brain t scans mris xs rays

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2
Q

What is Functional imaging

A

Brain activity
Sees what areas of the brain are active

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3
Q

What are uses of imaging?

A

Can examine normative changes
Explain changes
Identify different mechanisms of the brain
Find out where and what different systems of the brain are doing
Helps design intervention (helps figure out what’s wrong and how to stop it)

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4
Q

What is the neuropsychological approach? And how does it help?

A

Neuropsychological: Compare brains of healthy older adults with adults of any age with a condition, we compare areas of damage
Helps us understand what’s going on in the illness or damage

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5
Q

What is a neuron

A

brain cell

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6
Q

neuro transmitter

A

Caries information

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7
Q

myelin sheath

A

fatty layer that insulates the tail of the neurons
It protects and helps info move faster

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8
Q

White matter

A

Network of neurofibers that make up the denser inner part of our brain

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9
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Outermost part of brain. It has two hemispheres connected by thick bundles of neurons called corpus

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10
Q

ventricles

A

Ventricle transport cerebral central fluid
(Air bag)

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11
Q

Corpus colosum

A

Bundles of neurons that connect the two hemispheres of the brain

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12
Q

Prefrontal frontal cortex

A

In control of executive functioning.
ex. Decision-making
inhibiting our responses
regulation of impulses

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13
Q

Cerebellum

A

Controls coordination and equilibrium, balance (important for aging

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14
Q

Lympic system

A

emotion motivation and memory

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15
Q

Hippocampus (in lymbic system)

A

In charge of memory highly and is effected by age

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16
Q

Amygdala (in limbic system)

A

Fight or flight emotion processing threat detection
can preserve threats in social environments
Semantic or neurosystem therapy works with Amygdala - you think everything is a threat

17
Q

What are normative age related changes with the brain?

A
  • number of neurons declines
  • number and quality of dendrites (ability to have connections between bran cells) decrease this effects: processing speed longer, memory bad, less info processing
  • Fibre tangles in our axons-they get wrapped around each other: slower processing speeds
  • Protein deposits in and around neurons (this is debris) slows down system
18
Q

What is normative aging vs non-normative aging?

A

Non-normative aging has the same structural and changes as normative aging but just with a different severity and speed.

19
Q

White matter hyperintensities

A

This is declining white matter in the brain
looks like holes in the brain on MRIs

20
Q

Dopamine and aging

A

Dopamine lowers= less high effort cognitive processing (memory recall)
Abnormal serotonin processing-related to normative age decline, dementia and schizophrenia

21
Q

Brain size and aging

A

Starting at age 40 you lose about 5% of your brain size every decade
At age 70 we see increases in brain size in prefrontal cortex hypocampus and cerebellum

22
Q

Cerebral cortex and aging

A
  • thins out- slower less efficient information processing
23
Q

Ventricles and age

A
  • They get bigger
24
Q

What are the behavioural changes that we see tied to structural changes?

A

Emotion processing-they pay more attention to emotional meaning
older adults show different additional brain patterns than young adults
provides us with evidence that the brain keeps developing

25
Q

Theory of mind and executive functioning

A

Our understanding that other people have different perspectives than us

theory of mind is related to executive functioning

26
Q

Memory

A

Temporal lobe important for memory
Normative aging= decreased volume,
There are different paterns of activity in the brain this is evidence that the brain is trying to work around this structural damage.
Theses new roots might not be as effective but work

27
Q

Pareto-Frontal integration theory (P-fit)

A

Different intelligence is based on individual diff. in brain structure and function
As we age our brains reconfigure the neural pathway we use. We rely on diff intelligence
theory to explain why older ad younger brains act differently

28
Q

The Crunch model

A

looks at how brain adapts to normative decline by picking up other neural circuits
Older people recruit more help from across the brain as apposed to just one hemisphere
as tasks get harder, the brain will recruit more help until it hits the point it can’t recruit anymore, at this point the performance on the task will suffer
- older people hit that crunch point earlier

29
Q

The STAC-r model

A

brains compensate for cognitive design create backup nero pathways
Considers Life course factors and resources (brain energy)
looks at neuro resource enrichment (education, fitness, multilingualism) and depletion (stress)

30
Q

What is the neurocorrelational approach?

A

An approach that attempts to relate measures of cognitive performance to measures of brain structure or functioning ( not in real time)
Ex. In fMRI and doing tasks looks for correlation between brain scan and issue

31
Q

What is the activation imaging approach?

A

Attempts to directly link functional brain activity with cognitive behavioural data

32
Q

What are Compensatory changes?

A

Changes that allow older adults to adapt to the inevitable behavioural decline resulting from changes in specific areas of the brain

33
Q

What are dendrites

A

A feature of a neuron that acts like antennas to recive signals from other neurons

34
Q

Axon

A

Part of neuron that contains neurofibers

35
Q

Neurofibers

A

Carries info inside neuron from dendrites to the terminal branches

36
Q

terminal branches

A

Endpoints of neurons that transmit signals across the snyapse

37
Q
A

Adulthood and aging (10 decks)

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