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Adulthood and aging > Lecture 5 > Flashcards

Lecture 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What are “Person-Environment Interactions”? Who developed them? What’s the formula? What does it mean?

A

Who: Psychologist Kurt Lewin

Formula:
- B= f(P,E)
- Behaviour (B) is a function of both the person (P) and the environment (E)

What is it?
- People are in constant interaction with their environment, bidirectional (environment impacts person, and we impact environment)
- Perceptions of environment are important
ex. depression makes you view your world differently

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2
Q

How can we use the theory on “Competence &
Environmental Press” help aging people?

A
  • Let them tell you their limitations
  • Let them practice skills so they don’t lose an ability
  • offer resources
  • Fuller integration of adaptive features (mobility, information access)
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3
Q

What is the “Preventive & Corrective Proactivity (PCP) Model” theory?

A
  • Life stressors + person - environment mismatch + risk/resilience factors= outcomes
  • When you add risk and resilience to cep theory, you get diff outcomes

Ex.
Trauma/discrimination/chronic stressors + no proactive adaptations + risk factors = negative outcomes
Ex.
Trauma/discrimination/chronic stressors + proactive adaptations + resilience factors = positive outcomes

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4
Q

How can we use the theory on “Preventive & Corrective Proactivity (PCP) Model” to help aging people?

A
  • Allowing adaptations
  • making suggestions
  • education: provide widespread education on these preventative methods
  • Resources
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5
Q

Theory 3: Stress and coping
Who? What?

A

Who: Schooler applied stress and coping framework to person-environment interactions
- Schooler added environmental impact to the stress and coping padigram
Main difference: our assessment about a potential stressor is made within our particular environmental context

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6
Q

How is the Stress & Coping theory applied for people who are aging

A
  • Promote social support resiliency factors
  • Remind them of their resources
  • Make more available
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7
Q

Every day competence theory

A
  • looks at a person’s potential for independent living, not their current ability
  • used to help point out resources in their life
    -Looks at psychological and physical wellbeing
  • It’s literary just the three other theories combined
  • When we look, at everyday ability to manage problems our ability to manage and take care of those problems is a strong indicator of aging health status
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8
Q

How to apply the everyday competence theory?

A
  • talk about and encourage hobbies
    -Hold skill or training sessions for the elderly (Potential grows)
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9
Q

Environmental psychology
Our age-related changes are improved or made worse by our environment. Can we think of some examples?

A
  • Is there stairs in the house
  • moving because you can no longer live independently
    (add more this is bad)- J’etais dans le champ des patates
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10
Q

What is an Age-
Friendly
Community?

A

A community that enhances quality of life for aging individuals through security,encouraging participation, and adapting structures to be inclusive of the needs of aging people
- is the community adapting to the needs of all people including old

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11
Q

List the 8 “Who Age-Friendly Community Guidelines”

A

1.Outdoor spaces and buildings
2.Transportation
3.Housing
4.Social participation
5.Respect and social inclusion
6.Civic participation and employment (can old people get jobs)
7.Communication and information (is the information available communicated in an accessible way)
8.Community support and health services

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12
Q

Why is it important to create age-friendly communities, help people age in place, and help people remain engaged within the community?

A
  • increases life expectancy
  • makes it better for future us
  • Encourage autonomy
  • avoid trauma of uprooting them
  • insures more social support
  • Increases longer healthier life
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13
Q

Options for aging in place and barriers

A
  1. creating adaptations in home (grab bar in shower, care workers…)
  2. Move out of home so they can have more support
    Barriers:
    - financial
    - Do they have the resources to even be able t make these decisions
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14
Q

What are active adult communities? Give examples, issues, and how can you make moving more manageable?

A
  • Active adult communities: Communities that cater to adults over age 55 and provide housing options that are rightsized, often on one level, require low maintenance, and have convenient amenities. Residents still live on their own, but they have more support.
    ex. cluster housing

Barriers:
- Are these places available
- Can they afford it
- What is the wait time

Moving:
When a person has to move, they must have as much control and input as they can in a situation

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15
Q

In home options

A
  • At home care provider: social, physical, psychological
  • maid
  • Can be done inside the home and outside the home:
  • Adult day care
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16
Q

What is assisted living? Difference from congregate housing? Issues?

A

What: Housing options for older adults that provide a supportive living arrangement for people who need assistance with personal care (such as bathing or taking medications) but are not so impaired physically or cognitively they need 24-hour care

  • One step further than congregate housing Ideally, they provide independence, respect for autonomy, allow as much control and freedom as possible
  • Mini community in building
  • resources and social systems in place for stuff they can’t do anymore
    ex. Where Nane went

Issue
- Costs
- underpayment of staff
- Quality related with cost

17
Q

Types of Long-Term Care Facilities

A

1.Skilled nursing facilities
2.Special care facilities
3.Nursing homes/long-term care facilities

18
Q

When to Decide a Nursing Home?

A

Usually, a nursing home is a last resort decision provoked by something severe physical and/or cognitive decline
-It often gets to the point where it’s dangerous or difficult to continue living where they have been living.
Timing of placement-long waitlist
$$$

(should be at home eating oranges right now)

19
Q

Long term care

A

Long-term care facilities are regulated by the Ministry of Long-Term Care
There has been an increase in government investment in Long-Term Care Admission process
- Not too much info on what they actually do

20
Q

Process of long term care

A
  • Assessment
  • apply to up to 5 homes
  • Waiting list
  • if chosen, they have 24 hours to decide
  • Not accepted= removal from list
21
Q

What is the competence and environmental press model? (look @ fig 5.1) Where is maximal performance? What happens when ability doesn’t match environmental demands? What is the goal of the model?

A

Competence: Personal abilities (e.g., physical, cognitive, social).

Environmental Press: Demands from the environment (e.g., physical barriers, social or interpersonal expectations).

Optimal Outcome: When competence matches environmental press (adaptation level).

Mismatch:
High press, low competence → stress, frustration.
Low press, high competence → boredom.

Zone of Maximal Performance Potential: Slight increase in press can enhance performance.

Zone of Maximum Comfort: Low or no environmental demands create comfort without challenge.

Goal of Model: Describe how an individuals abilities (competence) interact with environmental demands (press)

22
Q

What is the preventative and corrective proactivity model? (fig 5.2)

A

What: PCP explains how life stressors (like trauma, discrimination, or chronic illness) and poor person-environment fit, especially without support, lead to negative life outcomes.

Preventive Proactivity: actions to avoid future stressors (e.g., staying active, building social networks)
Corrective Proactivity: actions to manage current stressors (e.g., seeking support, adapting lifestyle)

23
Q

Stress and coping theory

A

Basic Premise: People assess situations based on threat level.

Situations categorized as harmful/threatening, beneficial, or irrelevant.
Coping: When threatened, people identify possible responses to avoid/manage stress.

Outcomes:
Positive or negative, influenced by context.
Positive outcomes build resilience.

Resilience: behaviours, thoughts and actions that promote personal well-being and mental health

24
Q

Every day competence

A

A person’s ability to preform a range of activities considered essential from independent living

25
Q

What’s the difference between Proactivity and docility?

A

Proactivity: when people chose new behaviours to reflect new needs and exert control over their lives
- High competence

Docility: Allow situation to dictate the options they have (little control)
- low competence

26
Q

Preventative adaptations vs corrective adaptations?

A

Preventative adaptations are actions that avoid stressors

Corrective adaptations are actions taken in response to stressors (older adults, more prone to this one)

-many adaptions start as corrective then become preventative
ex. starting an exercise program for health issues and continuing with it after issue resolved

27
Q

What is aging in place? How do people decide the best option?
What is a sense of place?

A

Sense of place: the cognitive and emotional attachments that a person puts on their place of residence, by which a “house” is made into a “home.”
Aging in place: balancing environmental press and competence through selection and compensation.
Maintaining one’s independence, feeling at ‘‘home’’ letting elderly have a choice and be involved in decisions are each important aspects of this.

Best fit: Where an individual’s competence and environmental press are in balance.
1.) Does the individual have or will soon develop significant cognitive or physical impairment requiring support.
2. ) Are family and/or friends able to provide this support?
3. ) Decision

28
Q

How can a home be modified to provide a supportive environment?

A

Modifications are made to lighten the environmental press and make up for lack of competence
Minor structural changes: installing assistive devices (e.g., handrails in bathrooms and door handles that are easier to grip)
Extensive modifications: widening doorways, lowering countertops, adding power stair lifts, and constructing ramps.

Issue?
- $$$$$

29
Q

What options and services are provided in adult day care?

A

Adult day care is designated to provide support companionship and “babysitting” of the elderly during the day.
Type 1
Can provide social activities meals and recreation
Type 2
provides health care, social services
Type 3
specialized care (dementia/developmental disabilities)

Pro:
- keeps them safe
- occupied
- not alone
- delay’s need for nursing home
- less of a burden on provider

con:
- $$
- Not widespread
- could be demeaning

30
Q

What is congregate housing? What are the characteristics of assisted living?

A
  • Care varies from providing just housing, to medical care
  • Often has nursing care and social activities (not as intensive)
  • Old people dorm
  • Mini living space
  • shared space

Issue:
- high demand
- difficult to get into
- $$
- Covid

31
Q

What is ecology of aging?

A

A field of study that aims to understand the relationship between the elderly and their environment

32
Q

What are the major types of nursing homes?

A
  1. Skilled nursing facilities:
    - 24-hour medical monitoring under the direct supervision of a physician,
    - services provided by a registered nurse
    - used for up to 100 days of recovery or high intensity issues
    (mini hospital)
    ex. granddad
  2. Special care facilities:
    - organized around particular physical or mental health conditions.
    - Medical staff are available 24/7 (trained in that specialized treatment)
    ex. Memory
  3. Nursing homes:
    - Provides long-term intensive care for residents.
    - includes nursing care, dietary needs, and environmental and maintenance services as well as activities to ensure active and engaged residents.
    (everyone else)
33
Q

Who is most likely to live in nursing homes?

A

Older adults (most of them are white)
most have significant impairment

34
Q

How should people communicate with nursing home residence?

A

Don’t use patronizing speech (Inappropriate speech to older adults based on stereotypes of incompetence and dependence)

Avoid infantilization or elderspeak
(baby talk)
- involves the unwarranted use of a person’s first name, terms of endearment, simplified expressions, short imperatives, an assumption that the recipient has no memory….

elderspeak aimed to encourage and check comprehension= good
exagerated speech=bad

key things to do
- face them when you talk
- ask questions
- allow them control
- joint activities

35
Q

What are some emerging Approaches to Long-Term Care

A
  • Eden’s Alternative (eliminate boredom loneliness and helplessness)
  • Green House project: mini neighbourhood-integrated homes with 6-10 residents
  • Pioneer Network (cultural change)

Adulthood and aging (11 decks)

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