Shit you should know

Question 1

What do mullerian ducts form in the female?

Answer 1

the fallopian tubes (oviducts), the uterus, and the upper third of the vagina

Question 2

Where do testes come from embryologically?

Answer 2

Seminiferous tubules + rete testis form from gonadal cells in urogenital ridge.

Question 3

How does lower third of the vagina develop?

Answer 3

Uterovaginal primordium contacts urogenital sinus walls, forming sinovaginal bulb, forms plate.

Question 4

What are the effects of the Progesterone only pill?

Answer 4

• Thick sticky mucus plug
• Reduction in number and size of endometrial glands, resulting in thin endometrial lining whihc will not support implantation

Question 5

Symptoms of fibroids

Answer 5

• Dysmenorrhoea
• Mennorhagia
• Pelvic pain
• Frequent urination
• Constipation
• Back ache

Question 6

Difference between spermatogenisis and spermiogenesis

Answer 6

Spermatogenesis - A1 Spermatogonia -> 256 spermatids

Spermiogenesis - Spermatids grow tail, acrosome, motility, becoming spermatozoa

Question 7

Why is milk not secreted during pregnancy?

Answer 7

of alveoli, but not secretion.

There is substantial hypertrophy of the ductular-lobular-alveolar system and prominent lobules form. Alveolar cells differentiate to be capable of milk production from mid gestation.

At birth the levels of Progesterone fall sharply, along with a less sharp fall in Oestrogen. These changes lead to the breast becoming responsive to Prolactin.

Question 8

Four symptoms of PID

Answer 8

Menorrhagia
Dysmenorrhoea
Dysuria
Fever
Lower abdominal pain 
Vaginal discharche

Question 9

Conservative treatment for fibroids

Answer 9

Watch and wait

Pain relief

Question 10

Causes of bleeding fibroids

Answer 10

Distortion of uterine cavity, muscle can no longer clamp down effectively
Twisting, necrosis, bleeding

Question 11

OCP - Side effects?

Answer 11

Increased chance of breast cancer

Thromboembolism by insituting pro-thrombotic state

Question 12

Causes of assymetric growth restriction

Answer 12

Hypertension

Malnutrition

Question 13

Causes of symmetric growth restriction

Answer 13

Chromosomal abnormalities

Anaemia

Question 14

Pregnancy and glucose, four changea

Answer 14

Increased insulin resistance (hPL)
Increased appetite (progesterone)
Decreased maternal glucose utilization
Increased gluconeogenesis
Decreased fasting blood glucose
Increased post meal blood glucose

Question 15

Stages of menopause

Answer 15

Pre-menopause
Peri-menopause
Menopause
Post-menopause

Question 16

What type of tissue is prostatic stroma?

Answer 16

Fibromuscular

Question 17

Outline the formation of the prostate

Answer 17

o Mesonephric ducts (MD) reach the urogenital sinus (UGS)
 Drains Embryonic urine into the cloaca
o Ureteric Bud (UB) Sprouts from MD
 Ureteric bud will become ureter opening into the bladder
o Smooth musculature begins to appear
 Will become the trigone of the bladder
o UGS begins to expand
o UBs and MDs make independent openings in UGS
o Prostate and prostatic urethra formed. MD is maintained in the male, forming the prostate and ducts of the male reproductive system.

Question 18

Outline pre-menopause

Answer 18

Pre-Menopause
o > 40 years
o Changes in the menstrual cycle
 Follicular phase shortens, with ovulation early or absent
 Less oestrogen secreted
 Less –‘ve feedback, so LH and FSH levels rise
 FSH rises more due to loss of Inhibin too
o Reduced fertility, though still possible to get pregnant

Question 19

Outline menopause

Answer 19

The Menopause
o Cessation of menstrual cycles
o Average age 49-50, but varies
o Female has run out of follicles
o Oestrogen levels fall dramatically
 Less –‘ve feedback, so LH and FSH levels rise
 FSH rises dramatically due to loss of Inhibin too

Question 20

Outline changes which occur in menopause

Answer 20

Vascular
o Hot flushes affect ~80% to some degree
o Transient rises in skin temperature and flushes
o Relieved by Oestrogen treatment
 So must be due to decrease in oestrogen

Oestrogen Sensitive Tissues
o	Uterus
	Regression of endometrium
	Shrinkage of myometrium
	Shrinks away into a very small organ
o	Thinning of cervix
o	Vaginal rugae lost
	Thinner, less distensible
o	Involution of some breast tissue
o	Changes in skin
o	Reduction in bladder tone
Bone
o	Bone mass reduces by 2.5% per year for several years
o	Increased reabsorption relative to production
o	Osteoporosis
	Much greater in some than others
	Major reason for fractures in later life
	Can be limited by Oestrogen therapy