Shit you should know Flashcards
What do mullerian ducts form in the female?
the fallopian tubes (oviducts), the uterus, and the upper third of the vagina
Where do testes come from embryologically?
Seminiferous tubules + rete testis form from gonadal cells in urogenital ridge.
How does lower third of the vagina develop?
Uterovaginal primordium contacts urogenital sinus walls, forming sinovaginal bulb, forms plate.
What are the effects of the Progesterone only pill?
- Thick sticky mucus plug
- Reduction in number and size of endometrial glands, resulting in thin endometrial lining whihc will not support implantation
Symptoms of fibroids
- Dysmenorrhoea
- Mennorhagia
- Pelvic pain
- Frequent urination
- Constipation
- Back ache
Difference between spermatogenisis and spermiogenesis
Spermatogenesis - A1 Spermatogonia -> 256 spermatids
Spermiogenesis - Spermatids grow tail, acrosome, motility, becoming spermatozoa
Why is milk not secreted during pregnancy?
of alveoli, but not secretion.
There is substantial hypertrophy of the ductular-lobular-alveolar system and prominent lobules form. Alveolar cells differentiate to be capable of milk production from mid gestation.
At birth the levels of Progesterone fall sharply, along with a less sharp fall in Oestrogen. These changes lead to the breast becoming responsive to Prolactin.
Four symptoms of PID
Menorrhagia Dysmenorrhoea Dysuria Fever Lower abdominal pain Vaginal discharche
Conservative treatment for fibroids
Watch and wait
Pain relief
Causes of bleeding fibroids
Distortion of uterine cavity, muscle can no longer clamp down effectively
Twisting, necrosis, bleeding
OCP - Side effects?
Increased chance of breast cancer
Thromboembolism by insituting pro-thrombotic state
Causes of assymetric growth restriction
Hypertension
Malnutrition
Causes of symmetric growth restriction
Chromosomal abnormalities
Anaemia
Pregnancy and glucose, four changea
Increased insulin resistance (hPL) Increased appetite (progesterone) Decreased maternal glucose utilization Increased gluconeogenesis Decreased fasting blood glucose Increased post meal blood glucose
Stages of menopause
Pre-menopause
Peri-menopause
Menopause
Post-menopause
What type of tissue is prostatic stroma?
Fibromuscular
Outline the formation of the prostate
o Mesonephric ducts (MD) reach the urogenital sinus (UGS)
Drains Embryonic urine into the cloaca
o Ureteric Bud (UB) Sprouts from MD
Ureteric bud will become ureter opening into the bladder
o Smooth musculature begins to appear
Will become the trigone of the bladder
o UGS begins to expand
o UBs and MDs make independent openings in UGS
o Prostate and prostatic urethra formed. MD is maintained in the male, forming the prostate and ducts of the male reproductive system.
Outline pre-menopause
Pre-Menopause
o > 40 years
o Changes in the menstrual cycle
Follicular phase shortens, with ovulation early or absent
Less oestrogen secreted
Less –‘ve feedback, so LH and FSH levels rise
FSH rises more due to loss of Inhibin too
o Reduced fertility, though still possible to get pregnant
Outline menopause
The Menopause
o Cessation of menstrual cycles
o Average age 49-50, but varies
o Female has run out of follicles
o Oestrogen levels fall dramatically
Less –‘ve feedback, so LH and FSH levels rise
FSH rises dramatically due to loss of Inhibin too
Outline changes which occur in menopause
Vascular
o Hot flushes affect ~80% to some degree
o Transient rises in skin temperature and flushes
o Relieved by Oestrogen treatment
So must be due to decrease in oestrogen
Oestrogen Sensitive Tissues o Uterus Regression of endometrium Shrinkage of myometrium Shrinks away into a very small organ o Thinning of cervix o Vaginal rugae lost Thinner, less distensible o Involution of some breast tissue o Changes in skin o Reduction in bladder tone Bone o Bone mass reduces by 2.5% per year for several years o Increased reabsorption relative to production o Osteoporosis Much greater in some than others Major reason for fractures in later life Can be limited by Oestrogen therapy