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Semester 4 - Reproductive System > Session 4 - Male reproductive anatomy > Flashcards

Session 4 - Male reproductive anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What does the scrotum develop from?

A

The labioscrotal folds

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2
Q

What three main structures are contained within the scrotum?

A

Testis
Epididymis
Spermatic cord

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3
Q

What are the 6 main levels of the scrotum

A

1) Skin
2) Dartos muscle
3) External and internal spermatic fascia
4) Visceral and parietal tunica vaginalis
5) Tunic albuginea
6) Lobules of testes

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4
Q

What are the two main products of the testes?

A

Spermatozoa

Testosterone

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5
Q

What is the structure of the lobules of the testes?

A

Tubules in which sperm are produced. Connect to rete testis, where sperm is concentrated

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6
Q

Give the two main types of seminferous cells and their function

A 
Sertoli Cells
o	Associated with Seminiferous Tubules
o	Spermatozoa development
Leydig (Interstitial) Cells
o	Cells in the interstitial tissue
o	Secrete testosterone
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7
Q

Where do the testes arise embryologically?

A

Mesonephric ridge in the upper lumbar regions, at the lower pole of the kidney

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8
Q

What are the testes tethered to and how before they descend?

A

Labioscrotal folds by the gubernaculum

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9
Q

What is the processus vagnialis?

A

A musculo-fascial layer which invaginates into the scrotum to form the processus vaginalis

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10
Q

What is the scrotal ligament a remenant of?

A

The gubernaculum

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11
Q

What is the arterial supply of the testes?

A

Testicular arteries

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12
Q

What is the main form of venous drainage of the testes

A

Pampiform venous plexus -> Left and right testicular vein

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13
Q

Why does the pampiniform venous plexus have such a strange structure?

A

Large surfce area to help cool blood of testicular arteries - thermoregulatory function

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14
Q

What does the right testicular vein drain into?

A

The IVC

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15
Q

What does the left testicular vein drain into?

A

The left renal vein

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16
Q

What is varicoele, and how are they formed?

A

Defective valves in the testicular veins can cause blood palpable masses to form within the pampiniform venous plexus. This can cause fertility problems as a result of raised testicular temperature.

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17
Q

What are the three parts of the epididymis?

A

Head
Body
Tail

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18
Q

What are the three main functions of the epididymis?

A

Sperm transport
Maturation
Storage

19
Q

What part of the epididymis are the sperm stored?

A

Tail segment

20
Q

What is the innervation of the testes and scrotum?

A

o Lumbar Plexus
 Anterior surface
o Sacral Plexus
 Posterior and inferior surfaces

21
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the testes?

A

Paraaortic nodes, which can only be seen by imaging

22
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the scrotum?

A

Superficial inguinal nodes.

23
Q

What is the function of the vas deferens?

A

Transports sperm rapidly to the prostatic urethra via smooth muscle fibre contraction

24
Q

What happens to the ejaculatory duct and the duct of the seminal vesicle during ejaculation?

A

Dilate to facilitate the entry of spermatazoa

25
Q

What is the path of the ductus (vas) deferens?

A

The ductus deferens ascends in the spermatic cord, traverses the inguinal canal, tracks around the pelvic side wall, passes between the bladder and ureter before forming a dilated ampulla and opening into the ejaculatory duct.

26
Q

What is contained within the spermatic cord?

A

o Neurovascular
 Testicular Artery, Cremasteric Artery, Artery to Vas
 Pampiniform Plexus – Configuration of the testicular vein within spermatic cord, helix shape to increase surface area and take heat away from testicular artery.
 Genital branch of Genitofemoral Nerve
o Vas Deferens
o Lymphatics

27
Q

What are the three layers of the spermatic cord?

A

o External spermatic fascia – Aponeurosis of external oblique
o Cremasteric muscle and fascia – Internal oblique and transversalis
o Internal spermatic fascia – Transversalis fascia

28
Q

What are the seminal vesicles?

A

Small glands which join the ampulla of the vas deferens to form the ejaculatory duct

29
Q

What volume of semen to seminal vesciles account for?

A

70%

30
Q

What are the three main secretions of the prostate?

A

Prostaglandins
Proteolytic enzymes
Citric acid

31
Q

What volume of ejaculate does the prostate provide

A

30%

32
Q

What are the bulbourethral glands?

A

These glands are located within the urogenital diaphragm and contain tubular and alveolar-type glands. Just prior to ejaculation, these glands produce a clear water secretion that may lubricate the urethra.

33
Q

What are the two main parts of the penis when taken in cross section

A

pair of Corpoa Cavernosa dorsally and a single Corpus Spongiosum ventrally.

34
Q

What is the blood supply of the penis

A

Abdominal Aorta -> Common Iliac -> Internal Iliac -> Anterior Division of Internal Iliac -> Internal Pudendal Artery

35
Q

What is the venous drainage of the penis?

A

Venous Plexus of the Penis -> Deep Dorsal Vein of the Penis -> Prostatic Venous Plexus -> Internal Iliac Vein -> Inferior Vena Cava (IVC

36
Q

Outline 6 pathologies of the scrotum and testes

A

o Hydrocoele of testis – Serous fluid in tunica vaginalis
o Hyrdocoele of cord – Serous fluid in spermatic cord
o Haematocoele – Blood in tunica vaginalis
o Varicocoele – Varicosities of the Pampiniform plexus
o Spermatocoele – Retention cyst within the epididymis, aka epididymal cyst
o Epididymitis – Inflammation of the epididymal cyst

37
Q

How can you tell the different between a hydrocele and haematocoele of the testis?

A

haematocoele of the testis?

Transillumination – Haematocoele will absorb, hydrocele will be semi-transparent.

38
Q

What is a direct inguinal hernia?

A

 Hernia directly into the inguinal area

 Medial to the inferior epigastric vessels

39
Q

What is an indirect inguinal hernia?

A

 Hernia indirectly into the inguinal area, via the inguinal canal
 Lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels
 Reopening of the Processus vaginalis gives potential continuity between the peritoneal cavity and tunica vaginalis (abdomen  scrotum).

40
Q

What is testicular torsion?

A

Testicular Torsion is twisting of the spermatic cord, giving the risk of necrosis of the testis. The twisting usually occurs just above the upper pole of the testis.

41
Q

What is BPH?

A

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) occurs mainly in the central zone of the prostate. Due to the zone’s close proximity to the urethra, BPH can cause dysuria, nocturia and urgency.

42
Q

Where do prostatic malignancies develop?

A

Peripheral zone of prostate

43
Q

How do malignant mestastases spread?

A

The malignancies metastasise via the lymphatic route (internal iliac and sacral nodes) and venous route (internal vertebral plexus to vertebrae and brain).

44
Q

What is the difference between BPH and prostatic malignancy in DRE?

A

A tumorous prostate will feel craggy, whereas BPH will have a smooth, enlarged feel.

Semester 4 - Reproductive System (30 decks)

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