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Semester 4 - Reproductive System > Session 5 - Female reproductive anatomy > Flashcards

Session 5 - Female reproductive anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Where do the gonads develop?

A

Within the mesonephric ridge

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2
Q

How is the inferior pole of the ovary connected to the external genitalia?

A

By the gubernaculuym to the labioscrotal folds

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3
Q

How does the uterus form?

A

Mesonephric ducts fuse

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4
Q

What are the two main functions of the ovaries?

A

Endocrine glands

Oocyte released

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5
Q

What are the connections of the ovaries?

A

By the mesovarium to the abdominal wall and the by the ovarian ligament to the uterus

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6
Q

What is the ovarian ligament derived from?

A

Gubernaculum

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7
Q

What is the arterial supply of the ovary?

A

The Ovarian Arteries come directly off the Abdominal Aorta, just below the Renal Arteries.

Abdominal Aorta -> Ovarian Artery

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8
Q

What is the venous drainage of the ovaries?

A

Right ovarian vein -> Inferior vena cava

Left ovarian vein -> Left renal vein -> Inferior vena cava

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9
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the ovaries?

A

Para-aortic nodes

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10
Q

What is the relationship of the uterus anteriorly?

A

Uterovesical pocuh

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11
Q

What is the relationship of the uterus posteriorly?

A

Rectouterine pouch

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12
Q

What are the three layers of the uterus?

A
  • The perimetrium
  • The myometrium
  • The endometrium
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13
Q

What is the most superficial part of the endometrium called?

A

Stratum functionalis

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14
Q

What is the deepest part of the endometrium caled?

A

Stratus basalis

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15
Q

What are the three phases of the uterus?

A

THe proliferative phase, the secretory phase and the menstrual phase

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16
Q

What occurs in the proliferative phase?

A

Oestrogen secreted during folliculogenesis stimulates growth and proliferation of the endometrium

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17
Q

What occurs in the secretory phase of the uterus?

A

After ovulation, corpus luteum secretes progesterone which stimulates the endometrial glands to secrete glycogen and causes their extensive coiling, enriching the vascular supply to the mucous membrane. These changes in the endometrium are in preparation for the receipt of embedding (implantation) of the conceptus following fertilisation.

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18
Q

What is the menstrual phase of the uterus?

A

Brought about by luteolysis of corpus luteum, removing supportive effect of progesterone and causing decrease in vascular supply of the endometrium. This results in the breakdown and degeneration of the bulk of the upper endometrium (stratum functionalis, bleeding and shedding of tissues.

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19
Q

What is the broad ligament?

A

Double layer of peritoneum that extends from the sides of the uterus to the lateral walls and floor of the pelvis.

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20
Q

What is the round ligament of the uterus?

A

The embryological remmnant of the gubernaculum which is attached to the ovary and labium majus and well as travelling through the inguinal canal.

21
Q

What is the structure of the uterine tubes?

A

Fimbrae next to the ovary
Then infuindibulum
Tnen ampulla
Then isthmus and opening into uteriune cavity

22
Q

What is the cervic?

A

The fubromuscular neck of the uterus which protrudes into the upper vagina and contain the endocervical canal linking the uterine cavity with the vagina

23
Q

What are the two main regions of the cervix?

A

The endocervic and the exocervix.

24
Q

Outine the structure of the enodcervix

A

The endocervix is lined by tall columnar epithelium with basally placed nuclei and the greater part of the cytoplasm filled with mucus. The mucosa contains numerous large glands that are also lined with tall, mucus-secreting columnar cells.

25
Q

What is the structure of the exocervix?

A

. The exocervix is covered with a stratified squamous non-keratinised epitheium (as of the vagina). The change from the columnar to stratified squamous epithelium, at the transformation zone, is abrupt. The remainder of the cervix is composed of circularly arranged smooth muscle fibres lying abundant dense connective tissue.

26
Q

What is the arterial supply of the uterus?

A

Abdominal Aorta -> Common Iliac -> Internal Iliac -> Anterior Division of Internal Iliac -> Uterine

27
Q

What is the venous drainage of the uterus?

A

Uterine venous plexus which merges to form the uterine veins, which are tributaries of the internal iliac vein
Uterine Venous Plexus -> Uterine -> Internal Iliac -> Common Iliac -> IVC

28
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the uterus

A

plex:
o Fundus  Aortic nodes
o Body  External iliac nodes
o Cervix  External and internal iliac nodes and sacral nodes

29
Q

What are the three layers of the vagina?

A

Mucous membrane
Muscular coat
Adventitia

30
Q

What does the mucous membrane of the vagina consist of?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium with underlying lamina propria composed of dense conective tissue

31
Q

Describe the muscle layer of the vagina

A

Smooth muscle bundles arranged circularly and longitudinally

32
Q

What are the vaginal fornices?

A

Recesses of the vagina around the cervix

33
Q

What is the arterial supply of the vagina?

A

Superior part supplies by the uterine artery
Middle and inferior supplies by

Abdominal Aorta  Common Iliac  Internal Iliac  Anterior Division of Internal Iliac  Uterine  Vaginal

Abdominal Aorta  Common Iliac  Internal Iliac  Anterior Division of Internal Iliac  Pudendal

34
Q

Outline the venous drainage of the vagina

A

Vaginal Plexus  Vaginal  Uterine  Internal Iliac  Common Iliac  IVC

35
Q

Outline the innervation of the vagina

A

o Inferior 1/5th of the Vagina receives somatic innervation from the Pudendal Nerve (S2-4)
o Superior 4/5th of the Vagina and Uterus receives innervation from the Uterovaginal plexus

36
Q

What is the pelvic pain line?

A

o Pain afferents vary depending on the pelvic pain line. Considered to be above the pelvic pain line if touches visceral peritoneum – EXCEPT in sigmoid colon, where it is located about midway.
 Above line – Pain refers back up, follows sympathetic fibres.
 Below line – Local pain, follows parasympathetic fibres.

37
Q

What are the three main parts of the female external genitalia?

A 
o	Labia Majora
     	Enclosing the pudendal cleft
o	Labia Minora
     	Enclosing the vestibule of the vagina
     	Bulbs of vestibule
     	Clitoris
o	Vestibule
     	Orifices of urethra, vagina and greater (Bartholin) and lesser vestibular glands
38
Q

What do ovarian cysts develop from?

A

Follicles

39
Q

What do ovarian tumours arise from?

A

Epithelial components or germ cells

40
Q

Give two conditions of the uterus

A

Salpinigitis

Endometriosis

41
Q

What is salpingitis

A

 Inflammation of the uterine tube caused by microorganisms
 Causes fusions or adhesions of the mucosa and thus can partially or completely block its lumen – leading to infertility
 Blocked or dysfunctional tubes may result in ectopic (tubal) pregnancy or implantation outside of the uterus

42
Q

What is endometriosis?

A

 A condition in which ectopic endometrial tissue is dispersed to various sites along the peritoneal cavity and beyond (e.g. near to the umbilicus).
 May be associated with the ovaries or attachments of the uterus
 Associated with severe period pain (Dysmenorrhoea), infertility or both

43
Q

What is an endometrial carcinoma?

A

 Malignancy of the endometrium
 Usually occurs in postmenopausal women
 Junction between columnar cells of endovervix and squamous cells of exocervix (Transformation zone) is where the majority of neoplasms form
 Major symptom is abnormal uterine bleeding

44
Q

What is the difference between cervical examination and bimanual examination?

A

Cervical - Use of a speculum to isolate the external os of the cervix

Bimanual - Two fingers are inserted into the vagina until they isolate the cervix.
 Test of cervical motion tenderness (Sign of PID)
o Examiner palpates the uterus

45
Q

What can go wrong witth the greater vestibular glands (Bartholin glands) of the vagina

A

Bartholinitis

Bartholin gland cyst

46
Q

What is vaginitis?

A

Inflammation of the vagina

47
Q

What is vagnismus?

A

 A condition making any sort of vaginal penetration (sexual intercourse, insertion of tampons) painful or impossible
 Reflex of the pubococcygeus muscle.

48
Q

What is an ectopic pregnancy?

A

Implantation anywhere except for the uterine body

Semester 4 - Reproductive System (30 decks)

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